ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗ ![0_image_0.png](0_image_0.png) . and with the same 11. 11. 11. : : the consideration of the controlled and the comments of the - - - - - - - - - 1. Alley 11 your your ![1_image_0.png](1_image_0.png) 1000 11: : 14.0 : . 1. 1. 1998 ![2_image_0.png](2_image_0.png) National Defense Report Republic of China ![2_image_1.png](2_image_1.png) - 1998 National Defense Report Republic of China Translated from its Chinese Version by Yang Lien-chung Chien Wu-nan The translated version is reviewed by: Roger Deng Kathy Chang Published by : Hsu Ming Hsiung Li Ming Cultural Enterprise Co. Ltd. for The Ministry of National Defense, ROC Copyright © 1998 by: Li Ming Cultural Enterprise Co., Ltd. 49 Sec. 1, Chung-King S. Road Taipei, Taiwan, ROC All rights reserved . Printed in Taipei, ROC April 1998 ISBN:957-16-0522-0 (Hard Cover) :957 - 16 - 0528 - X NT $ 500 (Hard Cover) Price: NT $ 450 (Soft Cover) ## Preface Introduction PART ONE: NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT AND MILITARY SITUATION Summary/1 Chapter 1 International Security Situation /3 An Overall Situation/3 I. Major Potential Conflict Areas/7 II. II . The Impact of International Security Situation upon the ROC on Taiwan/10 Chapter 2 Military Situation in Asian-Pacific Area/11 I . An Overall Situation/11 Military Trends of Countries in the Region/13 II. II . The Impact of the Asian-Pacific Area Military Situation upon the ROC on Taiwan/17 Mainland China's (PRC) Mililary Situation/21 Chapter 3 Strategic Environment/21 I . II . Military Strength/25 Defense Mobilization/35 II. IV . Defense Budget/37 V . Military Development, Training and Exercise/39 VI . Military Diplomacy/44 The Impact of Mainland China's Military Situation upon VI . ## (1) (2) 1998 National Defense Report R.O.C. on Taiwan/45 ## Part Two DEFENSE POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES Summary/49 The Necessity of National Defense/51 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 2 The Present Defense Policy/55 3 Reqular Armed Forces/61 4 The Reserve Forces/73 5 Military Mobilization/77 Chapter Chapter Chapter 6 Civilian Defense Mobilization/85 7 Civil Defense/91 ## Part Three Defense Resources And Management Summary/101 Chapter 1 Manpower/103 I . Manpower Resources/103 II . Structure of the Manpower/111 Chapter 2 Material/113 I . Defence Industry/113 II . The Acquisition of Weaponry and Equipment/117 ## Chapter 3 Funding/123 I . The Special Budget Execution of the Advanced Combat Aircraft/123 II . III . Budget Execution of the Fiscal Years 1996 and 1997/124 FY 1998 Defense Budget/126 IV . A Comparision of the Defense Budgets from the FY 1994 to FY 1998/131 Chapter 4 Defense Management/135 Defense Fund Management/135 I . II . Defense Information Management/135 II . Logistic Support Management/136 Chapter 5 Defense Technology/139 Policy/139 I . The Achievement/139 II . ## Part Four IMPORTANT NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAMMING Summary/147 Chapter 1 Education of Patriotism and Assistance to Troops/149 I. Fortifying the Faith of Officers and Men/149 II . Enhancing Medical Care Service/149 II . Improving Living Environment of Military Personnel/151 Chapter Perfecting National Defense Regulations/155 2 Revising Defense Regulations/155 I . II . Important Regulations Being Revised or Formulated/155 Chapter Refining Structure of the Armed Forces/163 3 (4) 1998 National Defense Report I . II . Concept/163 Execution/167 Chapter Strengthening the Basic Levels of Troops/171 ব I . Improving Leadership in the Basic Levels/171 II . Refining Conscription Functions/172 II . Enhancing Education of Military Laws/175 IV . Implementing Rational Management and Education/175 V . Assistance for Psychological Hygiene/177 VI . Prevention of Casualties in Peacetime/178 W. Strengthening Contact with Families of Soldiers/179 WI . Enhancing Anti-Drug Measures/180 Chapter Strengthening Military Education/181 ဟ I . Defining Professional Military Education System/181 II . Integration of Military Academies/182 II . Restructure of Army NCO Schools/182 IV . Developing Instructional Software/183 V . Promoting Academic Studies/184 Chapter Strengthening Defense Operations/187 I . Enhancing C3I and Electronic Warfare Capabilities/187 II . Improving Rapid Response Capability/187 II . Refining Military Training/188 IV . Conducting Military Exercises/188 ## Chapter 7 Protection of Rights and Benefits of Military Personnel/191 I . Accelerating Rebuiliding of Old Dependents Quarters/191 II . Raising Pension/195 Ⅱ . Gaining Continued Preferential Treatment for Soldiers and Their Dependents/195 IV . Increasing Pays/196 V . Helping Gain Skills for Reemployment After Retirement/ 197 VI. Taking Care of Retired Personnel/201 ## Chapter Contributing To Elevating National 8 Competitiveness/203 I . Helping Maintain Social Order/203 II . Releasing Military Land/205 . Developing General-Purpose Technique and Technology/205 IV . Opening Industrial Parks to Civilians/206 V. Reorganizing the Original Aviation Development Center/ 206 Releasing Telecommunication Frequencies/207 VI . . Supporting Civil Aviation Transportation/207 ## Part Five The Armed Forces And The People Summary/209 Chapter 1 Gaining Public Support/211 I . Strengthening Liaison with the Congress/211 II . Making Defense Information Public/211 III. Implementing Two-Way Communication/215 IV . Improving Relations Between the Military and Civilians/215 (6) Chapter 2 Respecting People's Rights/219 I . Narrowing the Areas Around Forts/219 II . III . Easing Construction on Military Controlled Land/219 Releasing ( Narrowing ) Mountain and Coastal Military- Controlled Areas/220 IV . Solving Land Disputes Between the Military and Civilians/ 221 V . Properly People's Appeals and Handling National Compensation Cases/222 VI . Increasing the Coroners' Credibility/224 . Strengthening Environment Protection/225 Chapter 3 Providing Services to the People/229 Disaster Relief/229 I . II . Assisting People in Harvesting/232 III . Supporting Vaccination/233 # Part One: National Security Environment And Military Situation Table 1-1 The Defense Budgets of Southeast Asian Countries from 1993 to 1997/18 Table 1-2 The Status Quo of the Military Strength in Southeast Asian Countries/19 Table 1-3 PRC's Published National Defense Budget from 1988 to 1997/38 Table 1-4 An Assessment of PRC's National Defense Budget by Other Nations/38 Table 1-5 The General Situation of PLA's Training and Exercise in Recent Three Years/43 ## Part Two Defense Policy And The Armed Forces Table 2-1 The Status Quo of the Reservists/78 Table 2-2 Civil Defense Responsibilities for the Related Governmental Agencies under the Executive Yuan/ 93 Table 2-3 The Organization of Civil Defense/94 ## Part Three DEFENSE RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT (8) 1998 National Defense Report Table 3-1 The Manpower of WAC's Officers and NCOs from 1993-1997/108 The WAC's Officers and NCOs Courses of ROCAF's Academies and Schools/109 Table 3-2 Table 3-3 Average Age of All-level Commanding Officers from 1995-1997/112 Table 3-4 : The R&D Capability of the Defense Special Technology/145 ## Part Four Important National Defense Programming Table 4-1 The Achievements of Defense Laws Amended in 1996 and 1997/156 Table Table 4-2 4-3 Disposal of Disabled Recruits in Recent Years/174 Rate of Recommitting Crimes in 1996 and 1997 by Those Recruits Who Already Had Criminal Records Before Being Drafted/176 Table 4-4 Service Results for Military Dependents in 1996 & 1997/179 Table 4-5 Courses and Certificate Types of Army NCO Schools/ 183 Table 4-6 Statistics of Achievements of Advanced Military Education in 1996 and 1997/185 Table 4-7 Defense Academic Studies in 1996 & 1997/185 Table 4-8 Scheduled Important Training and Exercises in 1998/ 189 Table 4-9 Rebuilding Status of Deteriorated Military Dependents Quarters/192 ## Contents (9) . Table 4-10 Planned Use of Land Left by Removel of Miltary Dependents Quarters/193 Table 4-11 Comparison of Allowances Between Government Employees, Policemen, and Soldiers/196 4-12 Criterion of Remote Area Allowances/197 Table Table 4-13 Statistics of of Anti-Smuggling and Anti-Illegal Immigrants in 1996 and 1997/203 ## Part Five The Armed Forces And The People Table Important Weapons Displays in 1996 and 1997/217 5-1 5-2 Table People's Appeal Cases in 1996 and 1997/223 Table Relief Achievements in 1996 and 1997/230 Table 5-3 5-4 Emergency Relief Achievements in 1996 and 1997/ 230 Table 5-5 Statistics of Assisting Farmers in Harvesting in 1996 and 1997/232 # Charts ## Part One National Security # Environment And Military Situation NATO's eastward expansion/5 | Chart | 1-1 | |---------|-------| | Chart | 1-2 | | Chart | 1-3 | | Chart | 1-4 | The situation map of the PLA's force disposition/28 | Chart | 3-1 | |---------|-------| | Chart | 3-2 | The Su-27's radius of operation/32 1-4 | Chart | |---------| The range coverage of DF-15 (M-9) missiles/32 ## Part Three | Chart | |---------| ## Defense Resources And Management The numbers of eligible recruits from 1998-2002/104 | Chart | |---------| Analysis of the educational level of officers, NCOs and soldiers from 1995-1998/108 3-3 Comparision among the average age of officers, | Chart | 3-6 | |---------|-------| | Chart | 3-7 | | Chart | 3-8 | NCOs and soldiers of ROCAF from 1995-1997/112 3-4 | Chart | |---------| Analysis for the purchasing cases of ROCAF's military items from 1996-1997/120 3-5 Analysis of funds for purchasing ROCAF's military items from 1996-1997/120 3-6 The execution of defense budget in FY 1996/124 The execution of defense budget in FY 1997/125 Defense budget in accordance with the executive affairs in 1998/127 3-9 Defense budget sharing structure of components in 1998/129 3-10 Defense budget balance in 1998/130 Chart 3-11 Defense budget as a share of central government Chart and a Percentage of GDP from 1994 to 1998/132 3-12 Comparision of defense budget growth as share Chart of Cental Government budget from 1994-1998/132 3-13 The ratio of the published and hidden defense Chart budgets from 1994-1998/133 ## Part Four Important National Defense Programming Block chart of officers' career development/198 and and the comments of the . and The Ministry of National Defense ( MND ) publishes "the National Defense Report, Republic of China" in every other year . It is designed to make public understand the national defense administration based on a transparent defense policy. The paramount mission of the national defense is to fight against the force aggression from the outsider. Therefore, the consensus of "the threat to national security" should be first established, so as to unite the people in ROC as a whole and bring up the morale, too. However, as the evolution of the international security situation and the relationship between the Taiwan Straits, some people here in the Republic of China neglect the PRC's reiterate announcements, that she prefers to lose a large army to hold every pieces of the land, they also do not pay attention to the fact that the aim of the PLA's military training and exercise are using its military forces to invade Taiwan on the one hand, and on the other, they make groundless remarks that the PRC would not use its forces to invade Taiwan, or she is incapable of doing so; and even if the PRC would invade Taiwan by forces, the other nations such as U.S. would interfere to stop the aggression. As a matter of fact, with such a heedless concept, and regradless the reality, having the national security depended on other countries, they apparently jeopardizes the nation's existence to the extent as the PRC's invasion of Taiwan by force. The national security is so related to the force threat that it should be carefully assessed, and should not be decided only by a wishful thinking. The ROCAF has adopted the strategy of "strong defensive posture" and "effective deterrence" since the end of the "Period of Mobilization and Suppression of National Rebellion" in May 1991. Furthermore, the MND time and again indicates that, it hopes the PRC will rationally assess the consequence of the armed conflicts between the Taiwan Straits and rule out the use of force, but obtained no friendly response yet. PRC insists not to rule out the "the use of forces to invade Taiwan" still, and continuously expand its military buildup. Undoubtedly, this is the greatest menace to our national security, and we would do our best to prevent the war. Besides, promoting the peaceful consensus and setting the regional security and cooperation organization is not only our objective, but also it is the action necessary to maintain our national security. But the security is based on the strength of an eternal truth. Therefore, only we could establish a defense force which could keep the ROC in secure, the ROC could obtain the most reliable guarantee, too. In view of this, even if we have no intention to make an arms race with the PRC, we can not be complacent with the new-generation force yet. Instead, we have to enhance the defense strength continuously, so as to avoid the armed conflicts and lead the Taiwan Straits toward a peaceful reunification . The national defense affairs are complicated in nature, while the measure for reforms and renovation are greatly involved in the national security and people's benefits. Thus, they should be carefully considered as a whole, or it will mess up something because of mishandling, and make it too deal for a whistle. In order to make the people in every walk of life correctly realize the defense administration so as to support the national defense construction, the MND, in recent years, has held a number of seminars, face to face explaining those defense affairs suspicious a marka masa kana manda sa manan to the public, and does every effort to make the defense policy transparent. Becuase the exchange of opinions is limited only to the individual cases, some people are not fully aware of the whole situation due to lack of complete information. The "1998 National Defense Report, Republic of China" systematically explains the current national security environment, the national defense policy, and the national defense administration. It is in a hope that after wholly realizing the national defense administration, the people in different walks of life will fully support the national defense construction so as to maintain the national security . $$\begin{array}{r l}{{\mathcal{L}}_{i,a m f}}&{{}C{\mathcal{L}}_{a}}\end{array}$$ ![18_image_0.png](18_image_0.png) ![18_image_1.png](18_image_1.png) Minister of National Defense February 1998 4 and the comments of the . 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. - 1 11 11 11:11 . and 1. Becuase it is necessary for MND to gain the full public support, MND should make the public realizing the threat of national security, national defense policy, defense resources, and current situation of national defense. Therefore, we have designed this book only after carefully reviewed the comments and opinions from the public. The "National Defense Report 1998" is divided into 5 parts. National Security Environment and Military Situation, Defense Policy and the Armed Forces, Defense Resources and Management, Important National Defense Programming, the Armed Forces and the People. The First Part - National Security Environment and Military Situation: Based on the current military situation of the PRC, describes facts and potential factors which affect ROC's national security. With various data and statistics, it also describes PRC's military diplomacy and military capablility to invade Taiwan . The Second Part - Defense Policy and the Armed Forces: To explain the defense policy and the Armed Forces of ROC, including regular forces, reserve, military mobilization, and civilian defense mobilization. In order to make people in Taiwan appreciate the importance of "civil defense", it also contains a systematic description of ROC's civil defense system and its application. The Third Part - Defense Resources and Management: It contains mainly the manpower, material, and fund available to ROCAF. In order to enhance the correctness of provided data, experienced figures has been replaced by operating figures provided by responsible units. For example, the defense budget is no longer divided into "Military Investment, Personnel Maintenance, and Operational Maintenance " , number of the draftee is based on the statistics of authorized agency, etc. The Fourth Part - Important National Defense Programming: To describe important defense programming in recent two years, and the issues which concerned the people most. In order not to duplicate information with the regular military press conference, this report contains mainly subjects such as organization adjustment of the Armed Forces, leadership and management of the fundamental units, combat readiness of the ROCAFs, and rights and benefits of soldiers. The Fifth Part - the Armed Forces and the Public: To describe related defense measures which is concerned with people's rights and benefits, and the interaction between the Armed Forces and civilian people, such as property conflicts, military restrictions of construction, environment protection, etc. National defense policy affects and interactes with other 2. governmental administration a lot. Therefore, it must be carefully considered as a whole to truly realize the needs of ROC's national defense. In order to understand our defense policy correctly, one should not have any prejudice, and must have a deep acknowledgment from national security environment to defense policy and important national defense programming. In addition, all statistics' data in this book are ## G taken from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1997, except for defense budget taken based on Fiscal Year (FY), (from July 1, 1995, to June 30, 1997). Defense policy is the guideline of protecting national security . It also has been serious considered for a long term. It should not be shifted unless the national interest, national object, or threat of national security were changed. Since the ROC government announced to abolish the "Marshal Law" in 1991, and declared "not to use forces to unify China", the "strong defense and effectively deterrence" has been the highest guideline of ROC's military build up and remained unchanged since then. In order to reduce the length of this book and add newest data, theoretical and principle materials such as "the meaning of national defense," "the factors of making defense policy" has been simplified, but it doesn't mean any change in the said principle. The newest generation weaponry equipment has been 4. gradually entered into service for readiness after efforts we have has made for many years. It could support the strategic concept of "strong defense and effectively deterrence " indeed, but we should proceed the military build up continuously . Even if there exists no threat, efforts of defense build up should not be stopped . Not to say that the PRC never rules out their policy of "invading Taiwan by force". In order to broaden the international survival environment, ensure security and development of ROC, it is necessary to enhance her Armed Forces continuously . ROC's defense budget in FY 1998 is NT $ 274,782,670,000. It 5. has been practically declined due to the factor of inflation. If this happened continuously, the quality advantage of ROCAF 3. would be lost in the near future. It is the problem that should : 上一篇: never be ignored. 11 - 11 - 11 - 11 : . 11 . - - : . . . PART ONE NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT AND MILITARY SITUATION 1. Although more and more states in the world recognize that the "economical effects" upon the international situation, and tend to solve the international issues by peaceful means so as to stabilize the international situation and develop their national economy. It still exists the potential armed conflicts in regions so that they have to continuously increase their military strength. 2. In recent two years, most of the armed conflicts in the world are domestic racial antagonism, such as the civil wars happened in Albania, Afghanistan, and Zaire and other hostility between two African tribes. The potential factors for the possible armed struggle between nations are still in existence. The Korean Peninsula, the Taiwan Straits, the South China Sea, the South Asia, and the Middle East area is most probable to break out armed conflicts. In order to cope with the new challenges in the post-Cold War world, the governments of the US and Japan have revised the "US-Japan Security Guideline" on September 23, 1997. They both agreed to reinforce the exchange of information, intelligence, and the consultation of policies. In addition, also they will do their best with issues, including diplomatic methods, to prevent the peripheral areas of Japan from troubles and disturbances. An effective coordination will be made toward the actions they would ## I 3. take so as to achieve a mutual-agreed assessment . It is also recognized that the PRC's strength will be equal to that of Japan, EU, and Russia to dominate the new world order in the future. As such, Beijing is fully devoted itself to enhance its military strength, and positively engaged in promoting the multi-polarized international political affairs. According to the PRC's "Defense Law", her military power is composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Police, and the People's Militia. The PLA currentty amounts to 2,700,000 (Army 1,870,000, Navy 360,000, Air Force 350,000, and Second Artillery 120,000), and the People's Police, and the People's Militia odds 1,000,000 and 1,100,000 respectively. After the PRC signed "Boarder Troops Reduction Agreement" with Russia, they have shifted their key deployment toward the southeastern boarder . In 1997, the PLA's hidden fund amounts to 160 billion 5. 6. RMBs, and the actual defense budget is 240 billion RMBs, three times the amount of the PRC's published funds. 7. It is formally prescribed in PRC's "Defense Law", that the military action may be taken for the sake of the sovereignty, unification of China, integration of territory, and security. The PRC may take advantage of the Law as a basis to settle the Taiwan problem in the future by use of forces, and make an announcement to the world that it has the determination to safeguard the integration of territory. 4 - # International Security Situation ## I . An Overall Situation In an overall competition, the international situation displays a multiple-polarized development under the leadership of the United States as a superpower, other powers includes: European Union (EU), Japan, Russia, and Mainland China, but the impact of regional blocs upon international affairs is getting stronger everyday. Many states in the world recognize the "economic effects" upon the international situation, and tend to solve the international issues by peaceful means so as to stabilize the international situation and develop their national economy. However there still exists potential armed conflicts in regions so that they must build up their military strength . It is indicated in the "1997 U.S. Quadrennial Defense Review, QDR" that there still exists the risks and high uncertainty in the world. In the next 10 to 15 years, the U.S. will confront a series of regional risks. Therefore, the U.S. should create an international security environment to promote the US interests, be authorized to cope with the possible crises, and be prepared to deal with the uncertain challenges in the future. In view of this, the U.S. should maintain a force sufficient to simultaneously cope with the conflicts in two major regions. Asian Pacific area has significant strategic and economic interests to the U.S.; therefore, the US will still play a "military balance" role in the region. In the foreseeable future, the United States will keep a 100,000 forward deploying force. However, in order to alleviate the public opposition in the area and save the military funds for the forces stationed abroad, the government of the United States will close some overseas military bases so as to procure high-technological weaponry and equipment with the money saved. Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are undertaking their military reforms to include the force reduction, the strengthening of the military research and development, the development of the technology withmilitary and commercial application, and the integration of their military systems for a combined defense alliance. These moves are to restore their military clout of the former Soviet Union, intervene step by step in the Asian Pacific affairs by increasing the military sales to Mainland China and improving the Russia-Japan relations, and expand their sphere of influence. A "Founding Act on Mutual Corporation" governing the political and military relations was signed on May 27, 1997 between NATO and Russia. On September 26 of the same year, a "Joint Standing Council" was set up with a view to eliminate the obstacles for Czech, Poland and Hungary to join NATO(see Chart 1-1). However, this Act is only a political paper which is not necessary to be passed by the Congress. This will possibly affect its relationship to ## 4 Nato Sometime In The Future. Although western European countries generally agree that NATO is still the major security organization in the post-Cold War era, yet it is gradually evident that there is such a mental phenomena as some nations do not hope the U.S. dominates the European affairs. In view of this, they are actively strengthening the Eurocorps (note 1) and the West Europe Union (WEU, note 2) to be able to handle regional crises and weaken the impact of the U.S. upon the European affairs. ![30_image_0.png](30_image_0.png) Chart 1-1 NATO's eastward expansion ... The states in the Latin America are making every effort for political democralization and the establishment of the regional economic organizations to boost their national economies, including "the Organization of American States," "the Southern Common Market," (note 3) and "the Group-77 Conference" (note 4) The purpose of these economic organizations is to promote the economic cooperation, but they contribute the regional peace as well. "The Organization of African Unity " is a major arbitrator for the peace in African area. But some countries suffer from political instability and economic difficulty which affect greatly the regional peace and stability, such as the military coup in the Republic of Burundi in July 1996, the civil war of Liberia, and the reestablishment of the Republic of Zaire in 1997. Since its establishment of the new government, South Africa has been actively taking part in the international affairs and broadening its activities in the world. Its administrative development, and the increase of crime and unemployment rates have prevented the government from achieving its expected effectiveness. In January 1998, South Africa set up a normal diplomatic tie with PRC and ended the diplomatic relation with ROC. NOTES : 1. EUROCORPS: It was activated in December 1995 at Laon, France, with a view to maintaining the security of the 6 European Continent. The member states are Germany. France, Spain, Belgium and Luxembourg. WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION ( WEU ): Established on 2. March 17, 1948, it is designed to prevent Germany from reviving its aggressive ambition and to fight against the Soviet Union's invasion with the members including Germany. Britain. France, the Neatherland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece. 3. THE SOUTHERN COMMON MARKET : Founded on June 1, 1995 with its headquarters in Montevideo, Uruguay, the Southern Common Market is designed to unite the economic strength and resources of the South American states so as to promote the international competition power with its members including Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina . The Group-77 Conference: In 1964, the Group-77 States 4. Conference was held in Geneva, sponsored by the United Nations. The 77 states signed a communiqué right after the conference for the purpose of safeguarding the economic interests for the developing countries. Now, this organization is composed of 132 members. ## Ii . Major Potential Conflict Areas Most of the world's armed conflicts that happened in the past two years belong to a racial antagonism within a state, such as the civil wars in Albania, Afghanistan, Zaire, or hostility between two African tribes. Potentials for possible armed confrontations between nations have not abated. The Korean Peninsula, the Taiwan Straits, the South China sea, the South Asia, and the Middle East contain the highest potential for armed conflicts. 1. ## The Korean Peninsula On December 9, 1997, South Korea, North Korea, PRC, and the United States met for a four-side meeting in Geneva. Four countries agree to meet again on March 16, 1998 for a second conference. These conferences should bring positive influence on the stabalization of the peninsula . ## 2. The Taiwan Straits The tension between the R.O.C. and mainland China Taiwan Straits seems to have softened, but the two still have a different interpretation of "One China." Mainland China insists "The policy of one China with two systems". And by taking Hong Kong as an example for the execution of this policy, the PRC is tremendously making its propaganda in the world. Mainland China will not renounce the use of force against Taiwan but maintain "sabrerattling" against ROC on Taiwan. Therefore, there was no progress from the situation that the nation is currently divided and under separate jurisdictions to unification, the cross-strait relation fail to advance. There exists a lot of variables. ## 3. South China Sea Area The PRC, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei have claimed that they all have the sovereignty over the territory of some islands and reefs in South China Sea Area and have been strengthening their forces occupying the related islands. Nevertheless, Japan and the United States are fully involved in the area for the sake of the maritime transportation. Many states in Asian Pacific Area are greatly concerned over the issues by extending the U.S .- Japan Security Treaty to the South China Sea Area. Therefore, Mainland China argued to temporarily put aside the sovereighty of the disputed territories and proposed to join develop the area to distract nations in the world from paying attention to its military buildup. No largescale conflict is expected to break out in the near future. ## South Asia Area 4 . The claims of the sovereignty over the territory of "Kashmir" between India and Pakistan poses the biggest obstacle to the peace and stability in South Asian Area. In spite of the high-level contact and dialogue, the two nations have been in hostility for quite a long time and the basis of their mutual trust is very weak. In particular, Pakistan has allied with the PRC and purchased some M-11 strategic missile from Beijing so as to threaten India, which worsen the relationship of the two states. ## 5. The Middle East Area Iraq is still the greatest threat to the security of the Middle East Area. Conflicts are probable to break out between Iran and the U.S. Israel and Palestine have signed the two-phased Autonomy Agreement and put it into force. Notwithstanding, the Israeli government has undergone several reshuffles and Iran is in support of the Palestinian radical groups to fight against Israel. Subsequent peace talks contain unpredictable outcome. ## Ii . The Impact Of International Security Situation Upon The Roc On Taiwan The democracy and free trade have been and will be the main stream in international development. Nonetheless, the potential elements to trigger the regional armed clashes may still be the tribal hostility, the friction of economy and trade, the issue of territorial claims, and the regional arms race. The United States will still play a role of "military balance" in the world, increase its contacts with the powers in various regions and the chances of bilateral and multilateral dialogues for security, and continuously promote political democracy, the free trade, drugcontrol, counterterrorism and anti-nuclear proliferation. This situation is favorable for the ROC to develop its political and econommic, but it is also favorable to Mainland China to reduce our international survival spaces by siding nations in the world earnestly hope to have peace and stability. # Military Situation In Asian-Pacific Area ## I . An Overall Situation Asian Pacific Region is wide in area in which countries vary by strategic environment, religion, culture, economy and technology so that the development of the regional situation moves toward many directions. However, the economic downfall recently causes the currency decrease. Many military purchasing projects are forced to pospond. The purpose of the U.S. policy toward Asian Pacific Area is to keep the region in stability so as to maintain its national interests. Thus, the U.S. will " intensify the relationship with Japan, ROK, and Australia and redefine and enlarge the U.S .- Japan Security Treaty"; "keep the U.S. troop stationed in the Asian Pacific Area and to reaffirm its security commitment; encourage participating in the regional organizations and promote the dialogues on regional security"; and "maintain contacts with the PRC and engage it in the international system with a view to containing its behavior". U.S .- Japan relation is the main axis of The Washington's Asia policies. In order to cope with the new challenges in the post-Cold War World, the governements of the U.S. and Japan revised the "U.S .- Japan Security Guideline" on September 23, 1997. They agreed to enhance the exchange of information and intelligence and the consultation of policies. In addition, they will take any possible action, including diplomatic methods, to prevent disturbance from happening in the peripheral areas of Japan. And an effective coordination will be made toward the actions they will take so as to achieve a mutual-agreed assessment. However, Beijing considers that broadening of the scope of the U.S .- Japan Security Treaty is assigned to "contain" the Mainland China, and Seoul is not willing to let the Japanese enter into its sea and air territory, so that it stands against the Treaty. The prospect of "the 4-State Conference" in the Korean Peninsula is difficult to predict; the relationship between the two sides across the Taiwan Straits has not yet been improved; the sovereignty dispute of territories in South China Sea still remain; and there is no indication to settle the border disputes between India and Pakistan. Besides, Japan and the PRC continue their military buildup and the uncertainties will become higher. The countries in the region are now making every effort to alleviate possible armed conflicts and hostilities through the regional organizations such as ARF and APEC. The PRC's impact upon the nations in Asian Pacific region has been increased since Hong Kong's return to China. However, the whole world pays closely attention to the fact whether or not Mainland China will fulfill its commitments to Hong Kong's existing economic and social systems unchanged in the next 50 years, and whether or not the people on Mainland China will ask for more autonomy comparable to Hong Kong. ## Ii . Military Trends Of Countries In The Region 1. Japan In 1997, the defense budget amounted to US $ 42.5 billion, up totaled 1.2% from 1996. The military forces totaled 240,000 persons (Army: 150,000, Navy: 40,000, Air Force:40,000. ) Its main weaponry and equipment are as follows: MBT: 1,160; submarines: 17; combat ships: 64; fighting crafts: 45; combat aircraft: 550; and armed helicopters: 200. In addition, there are 45,000 U.S. troops stationed in Japan . Japan has gradually rebounded from a low point in 1994. Its 1996 economic growth rate ranked first among the G-7 industrial powers - the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Canada. In recent years, Japan expanded its military strength due to Washington's policy of defense burden-sharing in Asian Pacific Region, and the growing militarists', the right wing', influence at home. In addition, Japan, is striving to be a permanent member of the UN Security Council, in order to transform into a political and military power . The 1996 Defense Report of Japan indicated that the biggest threats to Japan's defense and security come from the PRC and North Korea. Hence, Japan's major defense areas and strategic force disposition have been transferred from the north into the southwest. Japan is now undertaking an intermediate-phased combat readiness (from 1996-2000) in accordance with the guideline of "the 1995 New Defense Outline, " with the key points in the following : To replace the main weapons and equipment system so a. as to uphold a military balance. To thoroughly pursue an effective and rational military b. oragnization. To maintain and increase the reliability of the U.S.- с. : Japan security system. In the future, the U.S.-Japan relation will be further strengthened. And under U.S. support, Japan's clout in the Northeast Asia will be on the rise. ## 2. The Korean Peninsula 、a. North Korea, DPRK: IN 1997, the defense budget approximately amounted to US $ 5.3 billion, up 2.6% from 1996. The total Armed Forces reached 1.12 million persons (Army: 1 million; Navy: 40,000; Air Force: more than 80,000.) The key weapons and equipment are as follows: MBT: 3,700; light tank: about 500; submarines: 25; combat ships: 3; fighting crafts: about 400; combat aircraft: 770; and armed helicopters: 50. The USA and North Korea entered into a cease fire agreement is 1953, which did not bring about a permanent peace in the peninsula. Pyongyang has been continuously expanding its military strength by infiltrating and threatening ROK. Furthermore, North Korea is consistently devoted to the R&D and deployment of its strategic missiles with the fire range covering most portions of Japanese territory, posing serious threat to the security of the Northeast Asia. On October 8, 1997, Kim Jeng II assumed the commander-in-chief of PLA. Right after taking over the Chairmanship of the Defense Commission, Kim was elected the Secretary General of the Korean Workers' Party, to be the leader of North Korea. Although in the recent years, North Korea has an suffered economic distress and a serious famine, yet it still insisted the R&D of the nuclear weapons and the military buildup and the policy for a unification of Korea. Though it took action in the preliminary meeting of " the 4-States Conference", there was no indication that in the foreseeable future, Pyongyang will change its provocative stance toward South Korea . ROK: In 1997, the defense budget totaled US $ 17 billion which is 1.7% higher than in 1996. The total military strength amounts to 630,000 persons, (Army: 520,000; Navy: 60,000; Air Force: 50,000. ) Primary weapons and equipment include: MBT: 2,000; submarines: 4; combat ships: 40; fighting crafts: 122; combat aircraft: 447, and armed helicopters: 140. In addition, the 37,000 U.S. soldiers have been deployed in South Korea to support the defense in the area. According to the " 1997 Third Defense Improvement Plan, " ROK, during 1998-2000, will invest more than US $ 126 billion to purchase advanced weapons and equipment. But in order to avoid causing an arms race at sea with Mainland China, Japan, and peripheral states of the Korean Peninsula, the ROK has b. decided to delay the construction of 700-800 ton KDX II destroyer and the harpoon-equipped heavy submarine under the Oceanic Navy Plan. Lately, the currency decrease in east Asia countries causes the pospond or cancel of many military purchasing proposals. ## 3. Southeast Asian Countries In recent years, the defense budget of countries in this region increase as the result of economic growth (Table 1-1). However, the economic downfall of 1997 caused currency decrease. Countries in this region, except Singapore, were forced to slow down the process of defense modernization. Also influenced by the PRC's military buildup and the disputed sovereignty of territory over the islands and reefs at South China Sea, the Southeast Asian nations, for the sake of their national interests and security, have invested handsomely to expand their military strength (See Charts 1-1 and 1-2), They also strengthened regional military cooperation, such as "the Five Power Defense Agreement, FPDA " signed by Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, and Britain. Indonesia and Philippines respectively entered into military cooperation with Australia to counter PRC's military expansion. It is in a hope that the collective power can deter the PRC on the one hand, and on the other, they are having dialogues with Mainland China through ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) for the purpose of reducing hostility and potential conflicts, and supporting the United States to continuously play a role of "military balance" so as to preserve the peace and stability in Southeast Asia . ## 16 Ii . The Impact Of The Asian-Pacific Area Military Situation Upon The Roc On Taiwan As a whole there are many potential elements influencing the peace and stability of Asian Pacific Area and it lacks regional security organizations. But, under a consensus of "peaceful co-existence and cooperative coprosperity," and in viewing broadening of a scope of the U.S .- Japan Security Treaty, no potential armed conflicts are likely to break out in the near future. However, the PRC still seems to be a major threat to the Asian Pacific security. States in the region, with a view to maintaining their national security and gaining their regional clout, have to side with Beijing, which affected moves to join regional organizations and our rights to be engaged in the economic and trade activities in the region. | Countries from 1993 to 1997 | | | | | | |-------------------------------|------|------|------|------|------| | Year | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | | Country | | | | | | | Burma | 40.3 | 180 | 190 | 160 | 盘 | | Laos | 10.5 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.7 | නි | | Cambodia | 6.4 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 11.7 | ø | | Brunei | 21.2 | 25.8 | 26.8 | 28.4 | இ | | Singapore | 270 | 310 | 400 | 400 | 390 | | The Philippines | 120 | 110 | 120 | 110 | 150 | | | 250 | 310 | 350 | 274 | | | Malaysia | | 240 | | | | | Thailand | 320 | 360 | 390 | 400 | 430 | | Indonesia | 203 | 49 | | | | | | 240 | 280 | 300 | | | | Vietnam | 72 | 90 | 97.5 | 100 | 盘 | The Defense Budgets of Southeast Asian Table 1-1 Countries from 1993 to 1997 Notes 1. ☏ data still unavailabe at the time when the Report is published. 2. Source: IISS The Military Balnace of 1995-1996 and 1996-1997. 3. Unit: million US dollar. The Status Quo of the Military Strength in Southeast Asian Countri ble 1-2 | Vietnam | 5,720 | 5,000 | 420 | 150 | និង អ្វីមានស្រែ ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា ទ្រាប់បារាំង៖ Chimer | | | | |---------------|----------|----------|-----------|-------|----------|-----|----|-----| | ្រូវបាន ក្រុង ព្រះប្រ | ្រី ប្រជាជន ខ្លួនជា ខ្ញាតាម E-man | Brand (1984) National Bilang Syn | | | | | | | | | Election : England Distribution ( | | | | | | | | | Submarines: | | | | | | | | | | 3,182 | 2,352 | 430 | 400 | | | | | | | Indonisia | Light Tanks :355 | C puplat Emanaly E | Combat Aircrafts: 77 | | | | | | | Thailand | 2,540 | 1,500 | בוקרים. הקרונים הקרבות המו | 640 | Carantal Espania Email | 400 | נור לאנגעזעין כישואיו | | | Malaysia | 1,145 | 900 | Light Tanks:26 | 120 | ្រី និងព្រះ ខ្មែរជា ខ្មែរជាគេ | 125 | Combat Aircrafts : 79 | | | The Philippines | 1,075 | 680 | Light Tanks :41 | 230 | Frigates | 165 | ្រុកប្រជាជាណា ស្រុកប្រជាជាតិ ប្រចាប់រ | | | 25 Enrica I | | | | | | | | | | Singapore | 548 | 459 | 360 ביותר: 1912 - 1971 1971: 197 | 29 | 09 | ြီးအရ ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု၌ တည်ရှိသည်။ ကိုးကား | ၂၀ | | | | រៀត ខ្លួនជ្រុ | " | | | | | | | | | | Armed Helicopters : | | | | | | | | | Brunci | 50 | 39 | ight anks:16 | 7 | ្រី | 14 | | | | Cambodia | 360 | รา | ഗ | | | | | | | 877 | MBT:100 Tanks:10 | זון בינגען | Combat Aircrafts 25 | Provinca] Troops: 500 | Light Weapons | | | | | Laos | 370 | 330 | MBT:30 Tanks:25 | 5 | II Canada | SE | Combat Aircrafts: 31 | 377 | | Burma | 3,210 | 3,000 | 120 | 06 | ן אַניוואַרג קינסגער: קינטערינג | | | | | ន្សា អ្វី ក្រុងរាជ | | | | | | | | | | l 301 ที่ 10 ม. | | | | | | | | | | Main Equipment | Strength | Main Equipmen | Main Equipment | Main Equipment | | | | | | Strength | Strength | Strength | | | | | | | | otal Strength | | | | | | | | | | Classfication | Army | Navy | Air Force | Other | | | | | The Military balance 1996-1997 of it of Strength: 100 persons. 20 . a marka mana mana ma . - 11 11 11 11 # Mainland China'S (Prc) Military Situation ## I . Strategic Environment Mainland China considers that the collapse of the Soviet Union and a gradual deterioration of the United States powers give the "middle-size states" or regional powers chances to expand their influence in international politics. To Beijing, the PRC's position will be equal to that of Japan, EU, and Russia to dominate the operations in the new world order. Beijing has been fully devoted to enhancing its military strength and engaged in pomoting the multi-polarized international political affairs. In 1997, Mainland China, in turn, signed "the Strategic Partnership Agreements " or created similar relations with Russia, ASEAN, India, France, and the United States.(note 5) Beijing desired that its activities would boost the PRC's international position to sway the behaviors of its neighboring states and to create an environment favorable to Mainland China's development. ## 1. The United States Beijing believed that Washington forged "the Theory of PRC's Threat". PRC considered that Washington's China policy is to engage the PRC in promoting the global strategic interests on the one hand, contain the Mainland China on the other hand so as to bow to U.S. criterion and value. In consideration of an overall strategy and the economic development, Beijing is earnstly to promote the relationship with Washington. Thus, the PRC recognizes: The PRC-US bilateral relalionship should be a. centered upon the strategic and global context with a view forward the 21st century. The bilateral relation, should be based upon the b. "Three Communiques" and only adherence to these three communiqué can they set up a stable relationship. Each should respect the other, treat the other in c. equal position and seek agreements on things in _ common. They should be carefully to deal with the Taiwan d. issue. The United States thinks that it is necessary to have an engagement policy with Mainland China in order to stabilize the Asian Pacific Region and international situation. Frequent exchange of visits of high-level officials sigified that, the U.S .- PRC relation has been significantly improved. ## 2. Russia Right now, the PRC is taking advantage of Russia's political and economic hardship to strengthen their cooperative relations in the field of economy, trade, and military, hoping to obtain some advanced weapons and defense technology from Moscow. A model for the exchange of visits conducted by high-ranking officials of the two countries has been formed, and the signed agreements, the designed balance power from Japan and the United States in the region include: "Mutual Trust Agreement on the Military Zone Along the Sino-Russian Border, "Force Reduction Agreement of Sino-Russian Border, " and "Strategic Partnership Agreement." ## 3. Japan The guideline for the PRC's policy toward Japan is something like this: " Cooperation benefits both, and struggle certainly backfires." As their relations get closer, friction and disputes accumulate. They have entered into such a phase as friendship, friction, coordination, and contradiction are all simultaneously in existence. In the future, although Tokoyo will keep providing assistance to Beijing without asking compensation, it won't slacken vigilance to the PRC. ## 4 . The Korean Peninsula Mainland China's policy toward the Korean Peninsula is a pragmatic. It means that China maintains good economic and trade ties with ROK, while keeping traditional friendship with North Korea in the field of ideology and politics so as to preserve its influence in the Peninsula. ## ર્ . Southeast Asian Countries The PRC considers that the "U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation" and the U.S.-Australia alliance are designed to make a strategic containment against Mainland China from the north and the south. In view of this, the PRC is enhancing diplomatic ties with ASEAN, Burma, Cambodia, and Laos, and reestablishing diplomatic relation with Vietnam. Furthermore, Beijing is now making efforts to hinder the ROC's southward policy and the implementation of the Asian Pacific Regional Operations Center by developing Southwest China to balance the economic gap between the mainland's coastal area and the inland to draw closer relation with Southeast Asian countries. ## 6. South Asian Countries China and India had engaged in two largescale wars along the China-Burma-India borders in 1962. Rounds of talks and negotiations between these two states, several agreements were signed, including one that both sides agreed to pull out some troops deployed in the area and construct " the Constructive Partnership. " The PRC is said to have adopted a balanced policy toward the sub-continent. Mainland China still supports Pakistan's claim over sovereignty of Kashmir while improving the links with India in order to get better relations with Burma, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka by supplying types of weapons. ## 7. Taiwan Waters Mainland China claims that: "One China means that it includes Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao, and the PRC is the government representing China. " To Beijing, the Taiwan autborities have departed from the principle of one China, trying to creat two Chinas, one China, one Taiwan in the world by constitutional reforms, pragmatic diplomacy, and other secessionist moves." The PRC has repeatedly stressed: " The PRC vowed its determination to preserve every inch of land even at the sacrifice of thousands of soldiers. It does not rule out the use of forces to resolve the Taiwan issue provided that once Taiwan independence or comes under foreign control." ## Note: 5: The Strategic Partnership is a post-Cold War term which generally refers to the close relationship between two nations, while its substance depends on the contents of the agreement. For example, the Russia-PRC "Strategic Coordination and Cooperation Partnership " designed to promote a multi-polarized world, oppose any domination over the international affairs, and establish a fair and reasonable new order of the international economy. The U.S.-PRC "Constructive Strategic Partnership" establishes a broader framework under which they can develop a cooperation relationship on human rights, non-nuclear proliferation, and trade. "The Strategic Partnership" may possibly include military relations, but it is not equal to the military alliance. In order to execute and put the agreement into force, both parties must stress the overall situation so as to continuously expand the cooperative relations by putting aside conflicts of less importance. ## Ii . Military Strength 1998 National Defense Report According to the PRC's "Defense Law, " the Armed Forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Police, and the People's Militia. The PLA, organized into the active troops and the reserves, is a regular force, responsible for the major operational missions, and at the same time, it renders assistance in maintaining the social order when necessary. In peaceful time, the reserves are required to receive their training accordingly. While at wartime, they are asked to serve the active services in accordance with the Mobilization Order issued. The People's Armed Police is in charge of keeping the social security and order. And the People's Militia is charged with the services of the combat readiness, the defensive missions, and the assistance in keeping the social order . ## 1. The Pla a. Total strength: More than 2.7 million . Army: Troops total 1.87 million , of which (1) the infantry troops are about 900,000, the armored troops are around 150,000 persons, the artillery troops are about 120,000, the air defense force is approximately 100,000 persons, the garrison troops are some 360,000, and the professional troops are about 240,000 persons. The Army is equipped with the following weapons and equipment: types of tanks: more than 14,000, tractor artillery: 13,000, multiple-barrel rocket: more than 2,100, and self-propelled artillery: 1,500. (2) Navy: Current strength amounts to 360,000 persons, of which the fleet force is more than 130,000, the Naval Aviation is about 40,000 persons, the Marine Corps is around 8,000, and the professional force is some 190,000 persons. It is equipped with 2,700 all types of warships. Air Force (including the combat aircraft of the (3) Naval Aviation ): more than 350,000 are organized into the following units: The aviation troops:140,000 (not including Naval Aviation); the air defense force: more than 100,000 persons; the radar troops: about 70,000; the airborne troops: some 30,000;and other professional force: some 9,000 persons. The PRC Air Force together with the Naval Aviation (Flying College and Training Center included) consists of some 5,000 aircrafts. The Second Artillery: The Second Artillery, (4) numbering 120,000, is composed of the following units: The missile troops: some 50,000 persons; the technical-equipped force: about 17,000; the construction troops: some 20,000; the anti-chemical and communication troops: 50,000 for each; the training units: some 10,000 persons, and the logistic support troops some 20,000 persons. It is equipped with hundreds of strategic and tactical missiles of various types. . . ![53_image_0.png](53_image_0.png) Chart 1-2 The situation map of PLA's force dispositon ![53_image_1.png](53_image_1.png) b. The PLA deployment is still in accordance with the strategic direction of "active defense." Its strategic theater concept is designed on the main basis of the mainland geo-strategy, with threats of of hypothetical enemy. The forces are deployed into seven great military regions, and Army, Navy, Air Force, the Second Artillery (See Chart 1-2 for situation map of PLA's force disposition ) combined in deployment. (1) Army: The key points of the PLA's force disposition have been re-diverted to the southeast area of Chinese mainland since the signature of the "PRC-Russia Bilateral Force Reduction Agreement." The Southeast Area ( Nanjing Military Region and Guangzhou Military Region): 5 army groups are deployed, numbering about 480,000 in total. (a) (b) The Northeast Area (Shenyang Military Region ): The total approximately 310,000 persons, organized into 5 army groups. (c) The Southwest Area ( Chengdu Military Region): The total manpower amounts to 180,000 persons, composed of 2 army groups . (d) The Northwest Area (Lanzhou Military Region): Two army groups are deployed in the area, a force numbering more than 220,000 in total. The Capital Area ( Beijing Military Region): The total strength amounts to about 410,000 persons, organized into 6 army groups. (e) (f) The Strategic Reserve ( Jinan Military Region ): The total manpower is some 240,000 persons, consisting of 4 army groups . (2) Navy: The PRC believes that the greatest potential for sea conflicts might erupt at the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Thus, the "Emergency Mobile Force " is assigned to the East Sea Fleet and the South Sea Fleet. Although the North Sea Fleet has a better equipment, yet generally speaking, the total combat capabilities of the East Sea Fleet and the South Sea Fleet are superior to others. (a) The North Sea Fleet (deployed in an area Yalu Jiang, Liaoning, to Lianyungang, Jiangsu): This fleet possesses the major bases in Lushun and Qingdao. It has about 950 plus ships. The East Sea Fleet (deployed in an area (b) from Lianyungang, Jiangsu, to Zhaoan, Fujian): This fleet has the major bases in Shanghai, Zhoushan, and Fuzhou, deployed in the area with 980 plus ships. The South Sea Fleet (deployed in an area (c) from Zhaoan, Fujian, to Beilunhekou; Guangxi, and the parcel and sparely waters ): It has the major bases in Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, Yulin with 800 odd ships. Air Force: The concept of the deployment is (3) to set up one air command at each military region. At present, stationed on the air bases within 500 nautical miles from Taiwan are 1,300 aircrafts, of which some 600 airplanes has a radius of operation over Taiwan proper. In addition, the SU-27 with a radius of operation of about 810 nautical miles, now based at Wu Hu, Anhui Province, and Juixi, Guangdong Province, also covers Taiwan (See Chart 1-3). (4) · The Second Artillery: The strategic (tactical) disposition of the PRC's missile forces still mainly aims at Russia and the United States with only a portion targetting the neighboring states potential threat. The disposition of missiles is deployed in a small number and scattered throughout the Chinese mainland so as to increase the survival opportunity at a nuclear war. At present, the PRC has completed its disposition of DF-3 (Dongfeng3), DF-4, DF-5, DF-15, and DF-21, etc., of which the DF-15 (M-9) tactical mobile missile is deployed in the area of Leping, Jiangxe, while its forward positions are scattered along the Jiangxi-Fujian area with ranges covering whole Taiwan (See Chart 1-4). ![57_image_0.png](57_image_0.png) Chart 1-4 The range coverage of DF-15 (M-9) missiles ![57_image_1.png](57_image_1.png) C. Right after taking over Hong Kong, the PRC directed the Guangzhou Military Region to organize forces to station in Hong Kong. It's total strength approximately amounts to 6,000 persons with the following equipment: armored vehicles: 21, helicopters: 9, and combat crafts: 12. In addition, the PLA has selected stonecutters island in Hong Kong as a gate for the construction of a large deep-water harbor to anchor the ships based in Hong Kong. Besides, it may be used as a forward base of the South Sea Fleet as well as a relay harbor in support of the operations at the South China Sea, which poses a threaten to the security of our islands. ## The People'S Armed Police The People's Armed Police, one of the PRC's three Armed Forces, numbering 1.1 million plus, has military and security missions. The Armed Police is divided into the following in accordance with the nature of missions and T/ O: security guards, defense for borders, fire teams, traffic, public utility, gold, woods and mobile division. In a peaceful time, it is responsible for the interior security in coordination with the public security units, the nationallevel construction works, and guards. At wartime, it is under military command to carry out missions such as battlefield security, anti-infiltration, and coast guards. Since "the Democratic Movement June, 4 1989 in Tianmen Square," the status and importance of the People's Armed Police have seen rapidly elevated. The CCP's Central Military Committee has made public that in case there is any domestic upheaval, the People's Armed Police will be first mobilized. In other words, the Armed Police is PRC's main force in charge of the domestic security and social stability . a. Command System: There are two chains of Command for People's Armed Police. The Armed Police is simultaneously under the command of the CCP's Central Military Committee and the State Council. Since the issuance of "the SOP of the PRC's Armed Police GHOs" in June 1996, the People's Armed Police GHOs has been upgraded to a great military-region level. And over the last two years, it was time and again found that 14 PLA field divisions were restructured into the People's Armed Police. Furthermore, there is a tendency that the command system of the People's Armed Police is going to be transferred from under the Ministry of Interior to the military system, and its military function is beefed up. The Future Development: The PRC's Armed b. Police with a mixed function between the military police and the police of the democratic countries is equipped with the light weapons. In recent years, its forces have been beefed up with the wheel armored vehicles, command vehicles, and patrol cars, etc. Besides, the air patrol units like the fly boat and helicopter units have been activated with the capabilities in the field of the mobile and longrange disposition. Its contingencies have capabilities better than those of the public security police in general. Some of the GHO-level units of the Armed Police are given the PLA's military training and exercise, functioning as the main force of the domestic public security. ## 3. The People'S Militia And The Reserve The people's militia and reserve are the main reserve strength of the PLA's mobilization. The reserve is mainly composed of the retired and separated officers and soldiers, numbering more than 1 million persons in total. The people's militia consists of the members of enterprise and production units and organizations at districts, villages, and towns, through a "two-in-one ( labor and military )" alignment. The troop trainings may either be conducted by themselves, or in lieu of the PLA. The training duration is shorter and the performance for training is lower. However, the people's willingness to join in the militia organizations is dropping due to changing economic development, social atmosphere, and the value system. Of course, their function is also shrinking. However, the reserve is under expansion by means of the surplus manpower separated from the PLA's force and by 2,000, one reserve division will be activated in each of the 316 Corps Districts. ## Iii . Defense Mobilization According to the 1984 PRC's Military Service Law, "The PRC defense mobilization adheres to the principle: " "Uniting the military and civilians, treating the peace time as war times, and training soldiers out of civilians. " In peace time, the retired servicemen and civilians at draft ages (at the ages from 18 to 35), pending their regular military services are drafted into a militia and reservist, primarily engaged in economic production. At wartime; they have to receive the combat readiness and mobilization training to be assigned to the armed, economic, air defense, technological, political, and traffic activities so as to meet the requirements of a high-technological warfare. In order to integrate the chain of command and strengthen the management of mobilization, the CCP's Central Committee in 1994, established a defense mobilization committee with members from People's Armed Mobilization Committee and those technological, postal, sanitary, statistical, rail, and navigational personnel of "the People's Armed Committee, " "the Combat Readiness Directory Team," and "the Radio Management Committee" to exclusively in charge with the defense mobilization operation, direct and investigate the defense potentiality for the provinces and districts, collect information of the scattered manpower and material, and establish the storage depots for the strategic supplies as well as the mobilization units of the autonomous government. In March 1996, the CCP's Central Committee reassigned "the People's Armed Department" to be under the command of the General Staff Department and commissioned the chiefs and commanders military ranks to strengthen the local mobilization and management and training for the militias and reservists. ## 36 Iv . Defense Budget The PRC's defense budget amounted to 80.57 billion RMBs in 1997, up 12.68% from the previous year, doubling from the figure five years ago. (See Table 1-3) The Mainland China's published defense budget only represented at the portion of its defense outlay, not including the following items: the expenditure of the defense technological, R&D, the expenditure of the militia establishment, the spending of the special projects and other outlays. Besides, there are a great deal of overheads hidden in items for the pension and social welfare relief, the people's armed police, the education, culture, science and hygiene units. Funds earned from the commercial businesses run by the military are also hidden. According to 1997 statistics, the PLA's hidden funds exceeded 160 billion RMBs and the actual defense budget was 240 billion RMBs, three times PRC's announced amount. (See Table 1-4 for An Assessment of PRC's National Defense Budget by Other Nations) | to 1997 | As a % of Financial | Exchange | | | | | | | |----------------|-------------------------------|------------|---------|------------|-------|------|-------|--------| | Defense Budget | As a % of GNP | US Dollars | | | | | | | | Overall Outlay | Ratc | | | | | | | | | Y car | Growth | | | | | | | | | Amount | Amount | Percentage | Amount | Percentage | | | | | | Rate | | | | | | | | | | 1998 | 217.96 | 3.90 | 2668.31 | 8.17 | 13853 | 1.57 | 58.56 | 1:3.72 | | 1989 | 251.46 | 15.37 | 3014.55 | 8.34 | 15677 | 1 60 | 66.77 | 1:3.77 | | 1990 | 290.33 | 15.46 | 3395.21 | 8.55 | 17400 | 1.67 | 60.49 | 1:4.78 | | 1991 | 330.29 | 13.76 | 3793.87 | 8.71 | 19580 | 1.69 | 61.18 | 1:5.32 | | 1992 | 377.89 | 14.41 | 4426.46 | 8.54 | 23939 | 1.58 | 66.30 | 1:5.51 | | 1993 | 432.48 | 14.44 | 4982.47 | 8.68 | 31380 | 1.38 | 74.57 | 1:5.76 | | 1994 | 550.62 | 27.32 | 5819.76 | 9.46 | 43800 | 1.26 | 63.30 | 1:8.70 | | 1995 | 636.77 | 15.65 | 6812.19 | 9.35 | 57650 | 1.10 | 75.81 | 1:8.40 | | 1996 | 715.03 | 12.29 | 7914.38 | 9.03 | 67795 | 1.05 | 85.12 | 1:8.40 | | | 73219 | 95.92 | 1:8.40 | | | | | | | 1997 | 805.70 | 12.68 | 8967.94 | 9.98 | 1.10 | | | | | | Unit: in 100 millions RMB. ' | | | | | | | | Table 1-3 PRC's Published National Defense Budget from 1988 Table 1-4 An Assessment of the PRC's National Defense | | Ratio of Actual Outlay | |------------------------------------|--------------------------| | Classification | and Published Funds | | CIA, the USA | 2.5:1 | | The U.S. Defense Department | 5:1 | | The U.S. Armament Control and | 8.5:1 | | Force Reduction Agency | | | The Audit Directorate of the U.S. | 2-3:1 | | Congress | | | The U.S. Heritage Foundation | 4.7:1 | | The LISS in London, Britain | 3:1 | | The International Peace Studies of | 1.5-2.5:1 | | Sweden | | Budget by Other Nations ## Military Development, Training And Exercise V . Military Development 1. CCP Central Military Committee requires that "The defense technology and the troops' equipment should be given a higher priority to be in a salient position. " The PLA stresses the point that its development of weapons and equipment has to meet the requirements of a future war. By means of copying, self-manufacturing and purchasing the parts, the PLA is undertaking the R&D and replacement of the high-tech weaponry, hoping to achieve an objective of uniting the strategic weapons and conventional hardware, and integrating the advanced weaponry and other arms in general. a. Army (1) Some of the mechanized divisions and the Emergency Mobile Force have been already equipped with the T-80 and T-85 I tanks. And the R&D and tests of the T-85 M and the 3rdgeneration MBT have been completed and will be mass produced and deployed in the forseeable future. The new types of 122mm, 130mm and 152mm (2) self-propelled artilleries and the 273mm rocket are allocated to the troops for their use. The series of the Red-Arrow-73 and the Red- Arrow-8 anti-tank missiles have started mass production, ready to equip the mechanized and (3) motorized army groups. (4) The ground forces have completed the automation for operational command and fire control system for the armored and artillery troops, as well as revamped the automation of command system and the mobile command t network system of the small-sized fire control exchanges for the army groups. ## Navy B. (1) Having completed the R&D and manufacture of the new types of ships and crafts such as the Luhu-class destroyer, the Jiangwei-class escort, the Huxin-class and Hujan-class patrol crafts, Dateng-class landing ship, the Sungclass submarine, etc. Having deployed the Russia-made K-class (2) submarines and signed a contract to purchase from Russia 2 Sovermenny-class destroyers. (3) Having equipped the ships with the C-802 antiship missile, Red-Flag-61, and the sea sidewinder ship-to-air missiles. Continuously retiring and replacing old ships and crafts, and manufacturing the large-sized combat ships, the surveillance radar ship, the military PACV-patrol air cushion vehicle, the large-sized supply ship, and new types of nuclear submarines. Continuing the R&D of aircraft carriers, and (4) (२) the PRC's Navy will probably have a light aircraft carrier in 2005. ## National Security Environment 41 C. Air Force (1) : - :: To continue the R&D and manufacture of the J-10, and J-8 Ⅲ , of which the J-10 will start mass production in 2000. : (2) (3) r, . To complete the prototype test of J-7 bomber and started mass production. To renovate the avionics and weapon system of the J-7, J-8, Q-5, and H-6 with a view to increasing their endurance of air operational capabilities . To continuously procure from Russia large (4) carriers, the SU-27, and possibly introduce into China the manufacturing technique of SU- 27 so as to do self-manufacture. To develop the air tanker, the ship board fighter, the electronic warfare aircraft, and AWACS to upgrade the Air Force long-range attack capability. (5) ## D. Second Artillery (1) To continue production and disposition of the DF-5 multi-warhead and DF-31 mobile strategic missiles. (2) To replace the aging DF-3 and DF-21 with DF- 21A and expedite the R&D and manufacture of the DF-41 mobile strategic missile and the ZL- 2 (Zhulang-2)submarine-launched missile. ## E. Nuclear Weapons And Satellites (1) The PRC possesses about 1,000 nuclear warheads of 1,000 to one million tons. It is actively conducting R&D and production of the small-sized tactical nuclear weapons in order to meet the requirements of the local war under the high-technological condition. (2) To keep launching such satellites as the reconnaissance, exploration, weather, and communications satellites, research the manned space vehicles and the navigational and positioning satellite systems; obtain the advanced electronic warfare techniques, and strengthen the capability of the C3I. ## 2. Military Training And Exercise PLA's training and exercise are oriented toward future wars, with an emphasis on active defense strategy and an operational concept of offensive and defensive basis. Meanwhile, the PLA is fully engaged itself in the study of joint operations, refocusing on sea and air combatness from the land operations. And the frequency of the training and exercise has been sharply increased since the publication of the "New In-Lieue-of-Training Outline." (See Table 1-5 for the General Situation of the PLA's Training and Exercise in Recent Years) | | Nature | Routine Training Routine Exercise Specific Exercise | Total | | | | | | | |-----------------------------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------|---------|-------|------|-------|------|------|----| | Classification | Year | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1996 | | | | 1995 | 1997 | | | | | | | | | Nanjing MR - De | 12 | 25 | 12 | 2 | 26 | 5 | 3 | 3 | ed | | Guangzhou MR | 9 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 25 | | | | Jinan MR | 3 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 29 | | | Beijing MR | 4 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 20 | | | | | Shenyang MR | 3 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 17 | | | | Chengdu MR | 3 | 4 | 3 | I | 11 | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | Lanzhou MR | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 17 | | | | | Sub-total | 37 | 54 | 49 | 10 | 15 | Grand | | | | | | 11 | 4 | ు | Total | | | | | | | Total May 2 | 140 | 36 | 7 | 183 | | | | | | | Note: 1. MR-Military Region | | | | | | | | | | The General Situation of PLA's Training and Table 1-5 Exereise in Recent Three Years 2. "Specific Exercise" means the ones which the PLA officials claimed as responses to the pragmatic foreign policy of R.O.C. In July 1995 and March 1996, the PLA, with a theater for Nanjing Military Region, conducted 7 actual maneuvers as if invading Taiwan. In recent two years, its naval and Air Forces in bases like Nanking, Guangzhou, Jinan have carried out several times of the simulated maneuvers with the new generation of ROC's force as its hypothetical enemy. It is estimated that except expanding its scope of activities so as to show its military blockade capability of the Taiwan Strait, rattling its sabre toward the ROC and announcing its sovereignty over Taiwan to the world, the PLA also took advantage of this good opportunity to test the water for branch coordination operations, have a drill for command procedures, and to understand the operational plan against Taiwan in the future local war 1998 National Defense Report under high-technological condition. ## Vi . Military Diplomacy The PRC recognizes that the military exchange activities should serve the interest of national diplomacy and the military modernization. In recent years, Mainland China has escalated its military diplomacy. After the crisis of the Taiwan Strait, both the quality and quantity of Beijing's military diplomacy have been significantly increased. In 1996 and 1997, the PLA received more than 220 military missions from more than 100 countries. Additionally, it has sent numerous military delegations of the CCP's Central Military Committee, the General Staff Department, the General Political Department and the General Logistics Department, led by high-ranking generals and admirals of various services, to visit 70 states for promoting military exchanges, explaining defense policy, and purchasing military items. In 1997, the PLA's naval fleet reciprocated goodwill port calls on the Southeast Asia, the United States, and the Latin American countries. In order to elaborate on its "one China" policy and 1. rebut the theory of PRC's threat, Beijing has reiterated the followings during its military exchanges: The PRC's defense policy is defensive in nature and designed to protect its territory, territorial space, and territorial waters from invasion for the purpose of maintaining a "unified China." There is only one China in the world, and Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. If foreign powers are involved in 2. 3. "the unification of China" or "Taiwan independence," the PRC will take all means including the use of forces to defend the integrity of national territory and the sovereignty . "The Theory of PRC's Threat" is groundless and fabricated to sabotage Mainland China's relations with its neighboring states. The PRC fully understands that it is important and necessary for Beijing to strengthen its military exchanges with Washington. As such, in the recent two years, PRC President Jiang Zemin, Chairman of the CCP's Central Military Committee, Defense Minister Chi Haotian; General Chief of Staff Fu Quan; Deputy General Chief of Staff Wei Fuling; Deputy General Chief of Staff Xiung Guang-kai, President of the National Defense University Xing Shizhong, C-in-C of the Air Force Yu Zhenwu paid in turn courtesy calls on the United States. In addition, the following agreements have been reached during Jiang Zemin's visit to Washington in October 1997: To jointly establish "the Constructive Strategic a. Partnership" between the PRC and the United States. To arrange regular exchange of visits by the state b. heads of the two nations and install a Washington- Beijing hot line. c. To regularly hold conference to discuss politics, military, security, and arms reduction. ## Vii . The Impact of Mainland China's Military Situation upon R.O.C. on Taiwan In sum, the PLA's military development in recent two years can be summarized as defense budget increase and the military buildup. The PLA has accomplished partial force reduction and readjustment, the activation of the " Emergency Mobile Force, " the combat readiness constructions along the southeast coastal area, the R&D and replacement of the weapons and equipment, and the establishment of the combat tactics against Taiwan and CªI. In particular, the PLA's major military establisment has been shifted to the southeast coastal area since the signature of "the PRC-Russia Border Force Reduction Agreement." Thus, PRC's threat to ROC's defense security has substantially increased to such an extent that the PLA is capable of launching its air and naval attacks against Taiwan, conducting local and overall blockade, and invading offshore islands. It is estimated that the forces available to the PLA for the invasion of Taiwan are as follows: Ground Forces ## 1. In addition to about 80,000 troops of the 31st Army Group deployed in Fujian region, the PLA could reshuffle in a short period some of the "Rapid Reaction Force" of other military regions, the troops with stronger combat capability, and 260,000 strategic reserves to the area. Naval Forces They are able to set out submarines and motorized fishing vessels to make a long-standing sea blockade. They can lay mines over the peripheral waters of Taiwan proper and the offshore islands, concentrate the amphibious landing crafts transporting one reinforced division to 2. conduct a regular landing operation, or make a good use of the motorized fishing vessels to render a sea blockade and carry by batches 350,000 light infantry to undertake an irregular landing operation . ## 3. Air Force At the 13 military-civilian airports within 250 NM away from the Taiwan proper, the PRC's Air Force can station 1,200 combat aircrafts and maneuver 59 air transports to carry two airborne regiments for operational mission. The Second Artillery 4. The DF-15 (M-9) and DF-21 may directly attack our key political, economical, and military targets. This is the most serious type of operations the PRC may choose to invade Taiwan by the use of force. PRC has written into "the Defense Law," adopted at the 5th Session of the 8th Convention of the National People's Congress in March 1997, that the military action may be taken for the sake of the sovereignty, unification of China, integrity of territory, and security. The law serve as a legal basis to settle the Taiwan problem in the future by use of forces declaration that it has the determination to safeguard the integrity of territory. The people in all walks of life here in Taiwan should fully understand and be alert that only defense capability can maintain national secruity. PART TWO DEFENSE POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES - and the comments of the comments of the comments of th 11 11:11 PM 1 . and 11.00 l. 2. . 3. The ROC government's primary responsibilities are to " provide for national security and living environment without terrorism, as well as to establish a foundation for permanent prosperity and progressive development. " Therefore, the administration should establish an effective defense policy to cope with the external threats while promote and encourage the national competitive power. ROC's national defense objective is to protect the country's security and maintain the world peace. However, China is currently divided and under separated jurisdiction. Also the PRC times and again announces that it does not rule out the use of its forces to unify China. In order to achieve the objective of keeping Taiwan, Peughu, Kinmen and Matsu secure and protect people's livelihood, stabilize the situation in Taiwan Straits, broad international survival space, and accomplish the unification of China by means of peace and democracy, the ROC's primary defense mission is to prevent the PRC from invading Taiwan by force and win the military victory. ROC's military buildup is based on the following principle "To avoid the war but not to be afraid of war, and to prepare for the war but not to seek the war. " If the PRC use forces to invade Taiwan, the Armed Forces of ROC will do their best to hold every piece of territory for an ultimate ## 49 Triumph. 4. In accordance with the strategy concept of "strong defense posture and effective deterrence," the guidance of current defense operations is based on the principle, "not to provoke any war but not escape from the war" under any circumstances. Should the opposing force make a forced landing, the ROC Armed Forces are to fight it vehemently, in accordance with the guidance of strategic endurance and tactical quick decision, to win the final victory. The total strength of R.O.C. Armed Forces amounts some 5. 450,000, with total Reservist some 3, 780,000. 6. The civil defense mobilization is a measure necessary to assure the national security by means of the nation's manpower, material, and finance as a whole. When it establishes its organizations, the government should simultaneously consider the problem of the people's livelihood, and put emphasis upon the peacetime preparation. The civil defense is an organization and action by means of 7. the people's strength as a whole, to develop the functions of self-defense and self-relief in civilian sector, so as to protect the safety of people's life and property collectively. As for the national civil defense as a whole, the Ministry of Interior ( MOI ) is responsible for the civil defense administrative works, while the MND is in charge of the control and employment. # The Necessity Of National Defense ## I . The Government'S Responsibility The government's primary responsibilities are to provide for national security and an living environment without terrorism, as well as to establish a foundation for permanent prosperity and progressive development. Therefore, the administration should establish an effective defense policy to cope with the external threats while it promotes and encourages national competitive power. 1. 2. In the field of politics, the government should make every effort to upgrade democratic standards, encourage her citizens take pride in their country, promote capabilities to regional peace, and continue to improve defense capabilities to safeguard the nation. For the economy, the ROC on Taiwan will promulgate national policy to practically take the policy of putting the national defense and the people's livelihood in one, develop national economy that will also support a strong national defense. 3. For national morale, the administration intends to promote national loyalty, strengthen democratic institutions, improve morale, and encourage the people's support for defense. 4. In the military realm, the MND of ROC is responsible for improving the defense military organization, the. management, and the combat effectiveness of the Armed t Forces, in order to enhance defense operations, and maintain national security. ## Ii . The Contents Of The Defense Construction Modern war is not simply the application of military force, but it incorporates politics, economics, culture and the military. Thus, the ROC must pay attention to total concept in our defense modernization. It takes a stable political organization in order to strengthen the people's loyalty for their mother country, the economic construction as its logistical support to increase its defense strength, the psychological construction as the dynamic to consolidate the will of the people in all walks of life, and the military construction as its nucleus to deter the enemy unable to render a threat by force. Over the years, the PRC has not recognized the fact that the ROC on Taiwan is a political entity, the area of Taiwan, Penghu (the pascadores), Kinmen, and Matsu is under the ROC's territorial jurisdiction, and the Chinese people in all walks of life are willing to pursue freedom, democracy and equality of wealth. It insists the policy of one China with two systems for the unification, does not rule out the use of its forces to invade Taiwan, and frequeutly makes effort to isolate ROC diplomatic relation and narrows down our international survival space with the intent to deny the ROC's existence in the world. ## 5% Defense Policy 53 Furthermore, Beijing is alineating our people from their government by means of business for a long time. Therefore, the people on Taiwan should unite and support the government to increase the national strength and create a solid foundation to accomplish the objectives national security , and sustained political and economic development . rest of the comments 54 1998 National Defense Report a marka masa mana masa marka marka marka mar - 1 . and and the comments of the 11 11 11:11 . 11 11 11 11 # The Present Defense Policy ## I . Defense Objective Our defense objective is to protect the country's security and maintain the world peace. But the nation is currently divided and under separated jurisdiction, and the PRC times and again announces that it does not rule out the use of its forces to unify China. In order to achieve the objective of keeping Taiwan, Peughu, Kinmen and Matsu in secure and protect people's livelihood, stabilize the situation in the Taiwan straits, broad our international survival space, and accomplish the unification of China with peaceful and democratic means, the ROC's primary defense mission is to prevent the PRC from invading Taiwan by force and achieve military victory. Additionally, it is clearly prescribed in the Article 137 of the ROC's Constitution that the "the ROC's national defense is designed to defend national security and maintain the world peace. " In order to fulfill its international obligations, promote the peaceful co-existerce, and strengthen the national security, the ROC may also use its military forces to maintain the world peace if necessary. ## Ii . Basic Concept 55 1. The total defense: Everyone in Taiwan should rise up the sense of urgency and face up to the challenge, firm up their will to defend the country, support and participate in national construction, and increase defense strength to deter the enemy from threatening the R.O.C. National defense consists of the military capability to cope with the external threats, promote social stability and public morality, and also to promote the nation's political, economical and cultural development. In order to secure the existing society and political system of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu and increase the benefits to our descendants in next generations, all people should regard the national security as their personal responsibility. Whatever their political party, tribe, or occupation is, they should be steadfast in the recognition of our country and render assistance to the government so to prevent the PRC's use of force to threaten us and to fully support and participate in the national defense modernization. An extension of ties with more friendly states: The ROC's 2. government makes every effort to extend its ties with more friendly states in the world for the propose of upgrading the peaceful co-existence and cooperative settlement, avoiding the crises, and reducing chance for out break of the war. Although it is impractical for any nation to totally rely on the foreign powers to provide for its national defense mission, it is also not appropriate for us to expect to achieve total national security alone. In other words, it should be accomplished in cooperation with other friendly nations concerned. As such, while it increases its national defense constructions, this country will integrate the overall strength. In principle, it is independent in nature in dealing with its functions, but sometimes, it is necessary to coordinate and cooperate with other states in the region in order to set up a multichannel dialogue, establish channels to prevent conflicts and war. 3. An overall operation: Defense program and people's livelihood should be united so as to integrate the political, economical, psychological and military strength. This will fully complete operational preperation, and lay foundation for victory . In view of the technological developments today, the early warning time of war, is shorter than ever. There is no difference between peace and war as well as the front and rear due to the extension of the theater. In order to effectively employ the national manpower, materials, and funds as a whole to successfully conduct an operation, the principle of uniting the national defense works and livelihood should be conducted in peace time. Only by putting an emphasis on the national defense security to strengthen the defense preparations in peace time, we can closely coordinate and integrate with the political, economical, psychological, and military forces to gain a victory in wartime. ## Iii . The Military Policy 1. An Independent And Self-Sufficient Defnese Policy The current directives of the defense policy of the Armed Forces are based on the establishment of strong defensive regular Forces and Reserve to independently cope with the external threats as a basis so as to maintain the national security with a coordinated self-sufficient defense industry capability. ## 2. A Strong Defense Posture And Effective Deterrence The military buildup is based on the principles: "To stop the war but not to be afraid of war, and to prepare for the war but not to seek the war." If the PRC invaded Taiwan by forces, the Armed Forces of ROC will do their best to hold every pieces of the territory for an ultimate triumph. ## 3. A Perfect Mobilization And Keeping The Soldiers In Civilian Life In Time Of Peace. With an immediate mobilization and operation as its objective, the MND has perfected the mobilization troops' structure and training, increased the mobilization equipment, and strengthened the reservist combat capability . ## 4. The Mutual Safety And Prevention Of War Keeping the spirit of stopping the war by a peaceful means in mind, the government is prepared to extend its military diplomacy, open the communication channels, upgrade the mutual trust, set up a criteria of military actions, and prevent wars that caused by a misunderstanding or mis-estimation. ## Building Up Of Military Strength Iv . The Guidance Of Defense Operations V . The buildup of the defensive capabilities is based on " the concept of the force construction " and " the improvement of the forces" for having the kind of troops for performing the kind of missions, "or in other words, " the right kind of weapons and equipment will be available to fight the right kind of war. "It is an ideal case for the sake of realizing it for practical purpose that the forcebuilding should be accomplished year by year and period by period. The ROC cause the enemy think twice before initiating war. Basing on the goal of "automation, integration, adding missile forces and coordinated joint operations, " the ROC is to build up "a small-sized but "elite," "rapid response" and "top efficient" troops to simplify and sharpen the Armed Forces and its organizational structure. 1. Military weapons may be either procured from foreign states, or developed indigenously and/or in cooperative manufacture agreements to improve and replace obsolete weapon systems in order to upgrade the defensive capability . 2. In accordance with the strategic concept of a strong defense posture and effective deterrence ( note 6 ) , the guidance of current defense operations is based on the principle, "not to provoke any war but also not avoid war" under any possible circumstance. Our strategy is to prepare for "an emergency contingency" and "a rapid response," and to hold a large reserve force to deter the enemy. Should the opposing force make a forced landing, the ROC Armed Forces are to fight it vehemently, in accordance with the guidance of strategic endurance and rapid response to make the enemy pay the prices as high as possible. Many strongholds will be firmly defended, while the follow-up mobile counter-offensive force may annihilate the enemies on the beach head line or in invasion positions. The enemy's attrition will be surely so high as to contribute to our final victory . ## Note: 6. Effective deterrence is the kind of the defensive deterrence designed to anticipate with minimum strength regard to deter the enemy and let him understand that it will be to deal with a whistle by means of an attacking force. However, it depends upon the opposing forces recognition (the enemy's reaction) of our strength, in order to rule out the use of force. Thus, the defender should keep increasing its defensive strength until the enemy gives up its plans to employ its forces. # Regular Armed Forces ## I . Army 1. Current Missions The current mission of the ground forces is primarily focused on defending territory and ensuring the security of the ROC on Taiwan. In peace time, the ground forces, deployed throughout Taiwan as well as on the remote offshore islands, are responsible for battlefield planning, operational training, coordinating the security of Navy and Air Force bases as well as their factories and depots, and supporting major disaster relief and rescue; while in wartime, with the support of the Navy and Air Force, the ground forces will conduct the land defense operations to destroy the invading enemy. ## 2. The Strength Objective And Requirements According to the guidance of the land defense operations that the ground forces are primarily responsible for defeating the enemy over the water and airborne areas. MND decides the priority of military buildup, intensifies the mobile striking power, and air defense capacity over the battlefield, and directs the installation of military 61 1998 National Defense Report fortifications . ![89_image_0.png](89_image_0.png) Exercise of an overall air-land operation ## 3. Total Manpower 200,000. ## 4 . Main Weapons And Equipment There are more than 160 helicopters for personnel transport, attack, and combat patrol; 1,300 plus tanks such as M60 A3; M48H etc,; and 1,400 pieces of artillery. ## 5. Force Structure Our force structure includes Field Army, Defense Command, Airborne Special Combat Command, Infantry Division, Mechanized Division, Airborne Brigade, Armored Brigade, Mobilization Division , Missile Command, and Army Aviation. ## Q. Outlook In order to meet the requirements of future defense operations, the Armed Froces have reorganized the strategic basic units into a "Joint-Branch Brigade" (note 7) conforming to the unique terrain and environment on Taiwan proper and the requirement for rapid response and rapid deployments in the defensive operations. It has been accomplished by restructuring the original division units into a Joint-Branch Brigade with noted characteristics such as ease of replacement, supply, re-deployment of forces, and the need for rapid mobility, quick reaction, and precision force application. In addition, major weapons and equipment are also procured in accordance with the requirements of the defense budget, in order to implement the concept of military restructuring with " a less manpower, greater fire power, but an upgrad combat capability." ## Note: 7. Joint-Branch Brigades are the ROCAF's strategic elements assigned to meet the requirements of defense operations. In accordance with the nature of operations, they are organized into aviation cavalry brigade, motorized infantry brigade, armored infantry brigade, armored brigade, and special operations brigade, etc. II. Navy ## 64 1. Current Mission The Strength Objective And Requirements 2. Total Manpower 3. Main Weapons And Equipment 4. The ROC Navy has the responsibility for maintaining the safety of Taiwan Strait and keeping the sea lanes open. In peace time, it is responsible for carrying out the missions such as the surveillance and sea patrol, the transportation of supplies to the offshore islands, and the escort of ships, etc. While in wartime, it is expected to take part in joint operations together with the Army and Air Force to conduct the counter-blockade at sea, the surface warfare in the area, and the interdiction against the invading enemy. The Navy's primary mission is the command of the sea. . Thus, it should be composed of the forces able to conduct the air operations, surface warfare, underwater warfare, and amphibious operations. At the same time, it is expected to participate in joint operations in coordination with the Army and Air Force to executive counter-blockade and counter-landing operations to include the forces in charge of the sea warfare and the Marine Corps conducting the land defense operations. More than 60,000. Submarines : 4 ; major combat ships such as Knox-class, Lafayette-class, Perry-class, etc.: 30; combat crafts: more than 50; ASW helicopters including 500-MD and S70C(M): 20. ## 5. Force Structure The force structure of ROC Navy includes Fleet Command, Marine Corps Command, Destroyer Fleet, Cruise Fleet, Submarine Squadron, Mine Fleet, Amphibious Fleet, Service Fleet, Fast Attack Boat Force (missile), Naval Helicopter Force, Shore Missile Force, Surveillance and Communication System Command, and Marine Corps Force . ![92_image_0.png](92_image_0.png) Exercise of air-surface joint ASW ## 6. Outlook For the future development, the ROC Navy will continue to build up forces, reorganize its force structure, augment troop training, and strengthen anti-submarine, anti-blockade and intercepting operational capabilities in accordance with the principle for the establishment of ships equipped with missiles, an automation of C2I system and a three-dimensional ASW capability . ## Iii . Air Force 1. Current Missions The ROC Air Force's mission is to ensure the safety of air defense. In peace time, it always keep the airspace situation in control, gain the early warning of air defense, and conduct all-weather air combat patrol and alert by means of the operation control system. In wartime, it performs types of operations together with the Army and Navy in accordance with the operational plans. ## 2. Strength Objective And Requirements Based on the principle to gain the air control and keep a balance of combat strength, the Air Force determines its strength objective capable of fulfilling the air defense interception and air ASW, in support of friendly forces and electronic warfare, and together with the Army and Navy to protect the security of airspace for the country. ## Total Manpower 3. Over 60,000. ## Main Weapons And Equipment F-5E, Ching-Kuo IDF, F-16, Mirage-2000-5 fighters: over 300; AWACS: 4; S-2T ASW aircraft: more than 20; transports:over 30. ![94_image_0.png](94_image_0.png) F-16 fighters in air cruise ## 5. Force Structure The ROC Air Force is composed of the following organizations and units: Air Combat Command, Tactical Combat Fighter Wings, Transport/Anti-Submarine Wing, Tactical Control Wing, Communications & ATC Wing, Meteorological Wing, and the Air Defense Artillery & Base Guard Command . ## 4. 6. Outlook Iv . Military Police Force Current Mission 1. Strength Objective And Requirements 2. For the future development, the ROC Air Force will readjust its T/O and force structure in order to meet the requirements of the new generation of its forces formed. In addition, it will vigorously continue to upgrade the performance of the air-to-air/air-to-surface missiles and the automation of C2I, augment the capabilities of air interception, mine-laying, and air transport, progressively prepare the plans for the development of future combat aircraft as its main force, and continuously provide air superiority . The special guard and garrison's mission: Assist in the public security for society, support the operations for the Armed Forces, the execution for the missions of the military law and judicial policemen, protect the central administration, and the assurance of the national security and social stability. According to the principle of reducing manpower but increasing effective firepower strength both in peace and war time, the Military Police defines its strength objective and force structure so as to render the protection of safety, the prevention and settlement of the mass movements, and supports the land operations. ## 3. Total Manpower Over 10,000. 4. Force Structure It is composed of the Military Police HQ, Military Police Command, Military Police Training Center, and Military Police Battalions. . ![96_image_0.png](96_image_0.png) Reviewing the motorized MP company ## 5. Outlook For the future development, the Military Police Force is prepared to possess the sophisticated, light, and portable weapons and equipment, increase the professional materials and mobile vehicles for surveillance, control, 1998 National Defense Report reconnaissance, investigation, examination, and safety protection, as well as strengthen the capabilities of protection strike, prevention and settlement of mass movement, and the support land operations. ![97_image_0.png](97_image_0.png) Exercise of the MP-police joint anti-smuggling and anti-illegal intrusion ## V . Coast Guard Command 1. Current Mission The current mission of the Coast Guard Command is to protect the safety of the coastline in the Taiwan-Penghu area. In peace time, the Coast Guard Command utilizes its existing strength to set up a coastline guard screen, and execute such tasks as anti-smuggling, anti-criminal, antiinfiltration, and anti-assault, and the preparation for the land operations, while in war time, it is also responsible for conducting the ground defense operations. ## 2. Strength Objective And Requirements In view of the fact that the R.O.C. geographically separated from the Chinese mainland only by the Taiwan Straits, Taiwan proper and Penghu are surrounded by oceans and a long coastline which can be very vulnerable hotbed for smuggling, and illegal intrusion and infiltration, which adversely affects social stability as well as people's livelihood, and threatens national security. The MND, thus, has assigned and activated the coast guard forces necessary to protect social stability and ensure coastal security. ## 3. Total Manpower Over 16,000. ## 4. Force Structure It is organized into the Coast Patrol Commands and Coast Patrol Groups. ## 5. Outlook For the future development, the Coast Guard Forces will continue to simplify and sharpen the force structure, implemant an advanced coastal surveillance system, add night vision equipment and mobile vehicles, and intensify · the coastal surveillance capability. # The Reserve Forces In view of the force reduction for the Regular Army, it is more important for the Reserve Forces to contribute to national defense. As such, the ROCAF, in accordance with the Guidance of the Defense Operations, has established the objective as "immediate mobilization and immediate operations" to simplify and sharpen the Reservist Force structure, training, and mobilization equipment in order to upgrade the reserve's combat capability and mobilize the defense strength with a great depth and multiple strongholds. ## 】. Army Reserve Forces 1. Mission In peace time, the Army Reserve Forces execute their education, training, logistic support, and mobilization readiness, etc. in conformity with the nature of their organic units, while in war time, they will assume such missions as regional garrison as well as the defense of key points right after they are mobilized. ## 2. Force Structure The mobilization division, recruit training division, reserve division, reserve brigade, garrison reserve 1998 National Defense Report battalion, and mountain reserve company. ## Ii . Navy Reserve Forces 1. Mission In peace time, the Navy Reserve Force perform their education,training,logistic support,and mobilization readiness, etc. in conformity with the mission of their organic units, while in time of war, with mobilization, they will be responsible for the missions such as the regional garrison and the physical security of plants, works, and depots. ## 2. Force Structure Reserve division, reserve regiment, and reserve battalion . ## Iii . Air Force Reserve Forces 1. Mission In peace time, the Air Force Reserve Forces conduct their education, training, logistic support, etc. in accordance with the mission of their organic units, while in time of war, with mobilization, they will be in charge of the missions such as regional garrison and physical security of military bases. ## 2. Force Structure Navy Reserve Forces include Reserve Battalion and Reserve Company . ":"1 : : . 100 . . . . the consideration of the comments of the consisted the control control controlled in the controlled an and the man and the sea . . and the consideration of the ing the 11 11:11 . # Military Mobilization ## I . Force Mobilization 1. Reservists Status As we know, the reservists play an important role in the country's overall combat effectiveness. Taking into account both the defense security and economic development, the government has set a policy "to reduce the number of regular forces and increase that of the reservists, " with the intent to achieve the objective of "retaining fewer soldiers in peace time and mobilizing more forces at wartime." In 1997, the registered reservists of this country amount to more than 3,870,000 persons with 3,060,000 assigned to the Army, 450,000 assigned to the Navy, and 360,000 assigned to the Air Force, which is 18% of the total population. Within the Reserves there are over 310,000 officers, 1,371,000 NCOs, and 2,189,000 enlisted personnel. (Table 2-1) ## 2. Team Arrangement Of The Reservists Reserve Team a. All the registered reservists are organized into 77 "reserve teams" in relation to their residences such as "Tsun" and "Li" as the basis with Lin as a unit. They are managed by the reservist service stations of each township throughout the household administration channel. b. The Armed Forces Mobilization Troops According to the requirements of the Armed Forces Mobilization Troops, the reservists who are young, strong, healthy, and with required MOs will be recalled in conformity with the plan to receive the educational and muster recalls in order to achieve the goal of the Reserve combat readiness. | Table 2-1 The Status Quo of the Reservists | | | |----------------------------------------------|-----------------------|----------------------| | Total Number | 310,000 persons | | | Officers | Number of the Persons | 87,000 persons (28%) | | at the Ages Below 35 | | | | Total Number 1 1581 | 1,371,000 persons | | | NCOs | Number of the Persons | 394,000 persons | | at the Ages Below 30 | (28.7%) | | | Total Number | 2,189,000 persons | | | Enlisted | | | | Men | Number of the Persons | 730,000 persons | | at the Ages Below 30 | (33.3%) | | | Total | 3,870,000 persons | | ## Regimental Reserve Forces C. 3. Training B. Muster Recall Except for those who have been assigned in the Armed Forces Mobilization Troops, the strong and young reservists will be organized into "the Reserve Groups" (about 350,000 persons), based on the township, to defense their own localities, protect their own property, and backfill manpower to meet the requirements of a sustained combat capability . Educational Recall a. Educational recall aims at intensifying the mobilization combat readiness and upgrading military skills and capabilities to perform their operations missions. In 1996 and 1997, 199,772 reservists received their educational recall and training with a duration from 5 to 7 days for training on subjects including firearms training, tactical force structure, and the combat readiness tasks. The Armed Forces Mobilization Troops: (1) According to the annual mobilization program, all reservists, except those who have already been listed in educational recall, will be called up to receive training in combat readiness at mobilization sites or nearby locations in order to maintain readiness and update personal data. To reduce the trainees' ## 1998 National Defense Report ![107_Image_0.Png](107_Image_0.Png) ![107_Image_1.Png](107_Image_1.Png) The draftees reporting in for a mobilization exercise burden, since 1996 the one day (8 hours ) muster recall has been reduced to a two-hour recall. Furthermore, the methods convenient to the reservists, such as "regional training," "local muster recall," "a flexible reporting-in procedure," "a different-day muster recall," etc., have been adopted. The new procedures are as follows: (a) In the past, the trainees reported in before 08:00, but now, they may do it until 09:30. Those who arrive early will receive the training first. Those who report in late from 09:30 to 11:30 will be given an overtime report-in receipt, then they report in again from 13:00 to 14:00 on the same day to complete the muster recall. (b) The trainees, who live at Kinmen, Matsu, and Penghu, but work in Taiwan proper, may take part in their muster recall in either one of the following areas in Taiwan: Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern. (c) The trainees, who have personal conflicts, but are not eligible to be exempt from recall, may personally or through a legal agent apply to the Regimental Control Area Command to which his household registration belongs to an alternate recall at a convenient base. ## (2) Regimental Reserve Troops Except for full mobilization of reservists based on the annual mobilization program, the reserve officers who are under 35 years old, and NCOs and enlisted men who are of less than 30 years old will be called up by the Regimental Control Area Command in each city and county, in accordance with their household registers, to receive training at appropriate locations each year. The draftee may choose one of the following four areas for his muster recall through application in accordance to their work place: Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern Taiwan. ## 1998 National Defense Report C. Service Recall The service recall aims at upgrading the service skills and techniques for the militia and reserve cadres. In principle, they will serve at the county they live. In 1996 and 1997, 8,918 persons in total were recalled. ![109_image_0.png](109_image_0.png) Muster recall for the reservists ## Ii . Defense Industry Mobilization 1. The defense industry mobilization is a major portion of economic mobilization. In peace time, the mobilization factories are devoted to the R&D and manufacture of the military supplies to accomplish mobilization preparation in coordination with the central factory. In wartime, they will conduct mobilization production and enhance the capacity for the maintenance and manufacture of military supplies in support of military material requirements. 2. In order to broaden the sources for military material and increase the numbers of suppliers to meet the requirements of the military-item R&D for the military and civilian activities and factories, the GHQs of each service, in 1996 and 1997, discussed the possible application civilian materials to the military. Ninety-six items were reviewed by the Central Standard Bureau. ## Ii . Mobilization Training And Exercise 1. The Armed Forces Mobilization Exercise (Tunghsin Exercise) This exercise is designed to intensify the ability of an immediate mobilization and immediate operation. It is conducted in coordination with the troop training and exercise without early warning. "The Tunghsin Exercise No.9" and "Vehicle Mobilization Exercise No.3" of military mobilization was implemented on April 21, 1997, in which 1,396 persons and 26 vehicles took part. ## 2. Defense Industry Mobilization Exercise (Chihchang Exercise) It's purpose is to authenticate whether or not the governments, public and civilian factories and depots can meet the capability requirements in wartime, while practicing the SOP and regulations for wartime production. In 1997, 8 large plants and suppliers joined in the defense industry mobilization exercise (Shihchang Exercise) and practiced such subjects as the combat readiness of materials mobilization and communications between the political and military agencies. . # Civilian Defense Mobilization The civilian defense mobilization is a procedure practiced to ensure national security by mobilizing the nation's manpower, material, and economy. When establishing organizations, the government should simultaneously consider the peacetime economy and put emphasis upon the peacetime preparation. In view of this, the MND, under the direction of the Executive Yuan in May 1997, enacted "the Regulations of the Civilian Defense Mobilization Preparation" to promote wartime readiness. ## I . Organization According to an order issued by the Executive Yuan, the MND has set up "the Conference Planning for Civil Defense Mibilization " with the Defense Minister as its Chairman, the Vice-Minister as the Co-Chairman, and the Deputy-Chiefs for the authorities in charge of the mobilization preparation program. The Vice Governor of TPG and Vice-Mayors of the cities are its members for planning and policy-making. Each agency is charged with the mobilization preparation program, and the governments of the provinces, cities, and counties have their own " Mobilization Preparation Activities Conference" to execute their mobilization plans. 1998 National Defense Report ## Ii . Mobilization Mission 1. In peace time, it is necessary to complete an overall i preparation for manpower, material, and combat readiness in coordination with administrative authorities in order to be prepared for wartime and assist in preparing for local contingencies. 2. In wartime, to mobilize the civilian sector to support military operations as well as to maintain the requirements for emergency actions. ## . Preparation Items 1. Preparation For The Psychological Mobilization (Sponsor: Ministry Of Interior) The purpose of preparation for the psychological mobilization is to consolidate all citizens together acting in union, and establish an all but civil defense. ## 2. Preparation For The Manpower Mobilization (Sponsor: Ministry Of Economic Affairs) The purpose is to plan in advance the following issues for the public and private activities in civil defense, firefighting, and communication in order to replace the manpower necessary to support the military operations and industrial production. The management of their affairs of the wartime personnel, the mobilization service of the youth, the processing of casualties of wartime, and the resettlement of veterans. ![114_image_0.png](114_image_0.png) Muster recall conducted in the civil defense mobilization exercise ## 3. Preparation For The Material Mobilization (sponsor: Ministry of Economic Affairs) In order to prepare an integrated plan for the critical materials necessary to meet the demands at wartime, it is necessary to build installations, establish safe stock levels, and manage wartime materials with a view to meeting the requirements both for the military and the civilians. ## 4 . Preparation For The Economic Mobilization (Sponsor: Ministry Of Economic Affairs) This is to build the interchangeable installations for the defense industry production, store the essential industrial raw materials, and protect electricity and water supplies in time of war . ## 5. Preparation For The Financial Mobilization (Sponsor: Ministry Of Finance) This is to match military mobilization requirements, make plans for transferring the budget for a wartime scenario, prepare a wartime PPBS, and manage currency market and foreign exchange, etc. ## 6. Preparation For The Communication Mobilization (Sponsor: Ministry Of Communications) The purpose is to prepare the plans of the nonmilitary transports, the communications to support of military operations, and the emergency cases in accordance with the wartime military and public transportation demands. ## 7. Preparation For The Medical Mobilization (Sponsor: National Health Administration) Its purpose is to complete, in coordination with the military mobilization requirements, the preparation for the program of a wartime emergency medical system, the structure and control of the medical personnel, the back-up facilities, and the production and storage of medical supplies . ![116_image_0.png](116_image_0.png) Exercise of the ships and crafts mobilization 1 90 - 1 . 1. 11 11 11 11 11 11 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 11 11 11:11 ري : 上一篇: # Civil Defense Civil defense is an organization for action by mobilizing people's strength to develop the functions of self-defense and selfrelief in civilian sector in order to protect life and property. It is the basis of national security, the support of military force, and social stability, so everyone should do their best to support it. Only by integrating civil defense together with daily life, can all the citizens in the country develop their overall strength for the purpose of self-defense, self-relief, and self-protection. ## I . Organizational System And Force Structure The current civil defense in this country carries out the missions in accordance with the "Civil Defense Law" and its by-laws. Additionally, in order to meet the world situation and social trend, the government takes a policy to develop its civil defense toward the following goals: In peace time, the civil defense units render assistance in disaster relief and local public security, while in wartime, they are responsible for strengthening air defense, physical security, and services in support of the military. The Draft of "the Civil Defense Law" has been submitted to the Legislative Yuan for review. ## 1. The Area Of Responsibility In regard to national civil defense as a whole, the a. 91 Ministry of Interior (MOI) is responsible for the civil defense administration, while the MND is in charge of the management of civil defense. The MOI is also responsible for coordinating all government agencies with civil defense assignments. b. : Integrated to the civil defense and the military, the MOI will, in peace time, handle these matters in coordination with the MND. In wartime, the MND will have primary responsibility to direct the civil defense squadrons and elements to support the military . c. For the civil defense responsibility of governmental agencies, the Executive Yuan, see Table 2-2. For the organization of civil defense, see Table 23. d . ## 2. Force Structure a. Manpower All ROC's citizens from the ages of 16 (1) (included) to 55 (not included)(Except those reservists who have been listed in the annual mobilization program . ) (2) The following members have no limitation to their ages: the components of the civil defense medical teams, disaster relief elements, and rescue groups for the construction, the parttime personnel in accordance with the rules and regulations, the cadres at the level higher deputy group commander, and the than # Defense Responsibility For The Related Governmental Agencies A able 2-2 | the policy on the protection and rapid repair of the essential facilities for the transport and communic vise and evaluate the matters pertaining to the civil defense activit | t the policy of protection and a rapid-repair for the establishments under its jurisdiction. vise and evaluate the matters pertaining to the civil defense oberations and the | prepare the plan of and carry out the matters pertaining to the personnel and their dependents of foreig passies, consulates, activities and international organizations in th | | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----| | ke the policy and supervise the implemantation for the dispersal, an escape of calamity, and t | | | | | | . To prepare the plan and supervise the implomentation of the first aid and medical treatment for the sicks . Atfered during an air assult. . To seciliare and supervior the | | | | o be obtean at askence nelijemes of the original of information on the manus and bearder. Propare and executo the mir de order of all mair de Premier and ports of theselthan | spect and carry out the civil defense educational propaganda at social educational activities a spect and carry out the civil defense T/O, training, and excreise for the scho | anize, train, and make mobilization preparation for the ships over 200 to | | | isdiction . | | | | | cutive Yuar | eparation | ડ | | | linistry of ommunictions | Ministry of Econmic Affair | Ministry of Forcign Affair | National Healt Adminstrafion | | Ministry of Interior Affair (MOI) | Ministry c Education | | | | MND | | | | medical doctors and technicians necessary to the civil defense services. Table 2-3 The Organization of Civil Defense ![121_image_0.png](121_image_0.png) (3) In principle, all members should be included in the protection regiment, but the disabled will not be included. b. Methods of Force Structure (1) It is organized into one civil defense brigade for Taipei City, Kaohsiung City, and each of the TPG's cities and counties, the civil defense group, medical group, and construction group ## Defense Policy 95 for departments such as the police, health, construction, education and society, and the reception and relief general station, hospitals and clinics. (2) A protection regiment is organized for each activity, school, and plant with its manpower over 100 persons, while a joint protection regiment is established for more than two groups working together in the same building or same industrial area when they are over 100 persons in total. (3) (4) A special protection regiment is activated each for each of following units: The Railway Bureau, Highway Bureau, Keelung Harbor, Taichung Harbor, Kaohsiung Harbor, Electric Power Company, Telecommunication Bureau, Gas Company, Running Water Plant, etc. Structured under each of the District, Hsiang, town and City government is a civil defense regiment which as organized into a WAC team, medical team, construction-rescue squadron(element), and the reception-relief station for refugees. ## The Training And Exercise For Civil Defense Regiment II . and Squadron ## 1. Civil Defense Recall a. Recall: It is conducted during the Training training, exercise, and muster. The competent activity will send a written notice to the draftee 10 days before the recall through the command chain of the civil defense regiment / squadron . Service Recall: It is divided into the air assault b. service recall and non-air assault service recall (such as an emergency disaster relief) . As we all know, the air assault service recall is conducted in accordance with the air defense warning signs or a broadcast, while the non-air assault service recall will be noticed by written notice. Each draftee will serve 30 days a year in principle, however, the duration may be extended to 60 days if necessary. Exemption from the Civil Defense Recall If there c. is any great event happened to him to process personally, the civil defense personnel may make a requisition to his regiment / squadron together with effective evidence for the exemption from the civil defense recall within 3 days after he receives the training or service recall notice. In case it is an air assault service recall, the draftee should report in first, and then make the requisition. ## 2. Civil Defense Training a. Training for the Cadres: The Police University and Army Chemical School under the commitment of the Police Administration, MOI carry out this kind of training. In 1996 and 1997, 6 courses were conducted in which the cadres, firemen, and the protectors under the NBC situation numbering 168 persons received their training. In addition, the Police Department of TPG periodically implements intoctrination at the provincial Training corps for the cadres at various levels. In 1996 and 1997, 4 training terms were completed, in which 181 persons were trained. Basic Training: An eight-hour training will extend to the civil defense personnel right after the completion of reorganization for the protection regiment / squadron with a view to letting them familiar with the related rules and regulations of civil defense, T/O of regiment / squadron, and missions . b. Annual Training: Every protection regiment and squadron must conduct twice a year of the annual training with 4 hours each time to acquaint the trainees with the missions assigned and upgrade their operational capability. However, the second annual training is usually executed in accordance with the situations to coordinate with the joint airdefense exercise as well as the other training and exercises . The Civil Defense Training for Tsun and Li: As C. usual, it is conducted by echelons in coordination with the Tsun and Li congress or the civil defense regiment of Hsiang and Town (City, District ) . The main contents of the training include the promulgation of the orders regarding air defense, protection and civil defense. d . Professional and Temporary Training: It will be e. reserveil vand de la brond de la libre de la lei de la lei de la la la la la la la la la la la la contra de la contra executed in conformity with the missions assigned by the competent civil defense authorities at various levels. ## 3. Civil Defense Exercise a. The Military-Civilian Joint Civil Defense Exercise ( Wanan Exercise ): Under the jurisdiction of MND, the Corps Control Area Command is in charge of the plan and implementation for the Wanan Exercise. It is fulfilled in 5 echelons a year, of which one is conducted with an early warning to increase the air defense alert and be familiar with the operations of how to escape calamity and rescue from disasters. The 1996 No. 19 Wanan Exercise has been practiced from April 10 to April 20 with a view to exercising such subjects as the transmission of air defense intelligence, the avoidance of disasters, the maintenance of public security, the wartime medical services, the relief of disasters, etc., in which 95,812 people and 9,167 vehicles took part. And the 1997 No. 20 Wanan Exercise, conducted from April 17 to May 12, was designed to train on the following subjects in which 89,064 persons and 9,203 vehicles participated: The NBC's detection, inspection, examination, and elimination: the disaster relief; the rapid repair job of such special constructions as the electric power, telecommunications, running water, and gas, the dispersal and relief of refugees, etc. ![126_image_0.png](126_image_0.png) ![126_image_1.png](126_image_1.png) No.20 Wanan exercise b. The Civil Defense Composite Exercise (Changan Exercise ): In principle, the Changan Exercise, planned and executed by the TPG's Police Department as well as the Police Bureaus of Taipei and Kaohsiung Cities, is conducted once a year by the civil defense regiments / squadrons under the jurisdiction of various police sub-bureaus in order to upgrade the capability for the civil defense personnel and regiments / squadrons. The No. 24 Changan Exercise was carried out in 29 echelons from Norvember 1 to December 27, 1996 for the purpose of practicing the disaster relief and the maintenance of roads and bridges, etc., in which 7, 209 persons took part. c. The Exercise in Coordination With the Military: According to the exercise requirements the MND conducts the civil defense exercise in coordination with the MOI in order to practice subjects, including transmission of air defense intelligence, the protection from air assault, the reception of refugees, and the service support to the military, etc. ![127_image_0.png](127_image_0.png) No.24 Changan exercise - PART THREE DEFENSE RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT 1. According to the index of population of ROC, a statistics published by the ministry of Interior (MOI) in 1996, the total population of Taiwan and Fukien Province (those parts of Fukien under jurisdictional control of the ROC), is less and less than ever by the end of 1996. Also is the draftable male at the ages from 18 to 45. In 1996 and 1997, 48,174 procurement cases have been 2. executed, of which the domestic purchasing was 44,821 cases, the foreign purchasing 3,264 cases, and the military sale 89 cases. For the FY 1998, the defense budget amounts to NT $ 274,782,670,000, which is 22.43% of the total national budget and 3.26% of the GDP. The published defense budget is increased gradually. In FY 3. র্ব . 1994 it was only 44.78% of the total defense budget, while in FY 1998, it has increased to 68.20%. 5. In July 1, 1996, the Ministry of National Defense revised "MND Ordinary Public Units Accounting in Coordination with the Central Bank Payment Regulations, " to include the defense fund into concentration payment of the Central Bank, so that defense fund can be effectively used and financial affair strictly controlled based on PPBS. 6. Establishment of "Defense Management Database, " to establish files for Armed Forces authorized and actual number of personnel, MOS, budgeting, weapons, equipment, and logistics data, which have also been included in the "Armed Forces Internal Net" for reference by authorized personnel. 7. Establish an independent research and production capability based on the principle of "forward-looking, integration, inter-operability, and continuity." Now the ROC Armed Forces has the capability to produce all kind of advanced fighters, ships, missiles, armored vehicles, and firing guns, etc . Some of them have entered into service for readiness. # Manpower ## I . Manpower Resources 1. General Situation Of Manpower According to the index of population, a statistical document published by the Ministry of Interior (MOI) in 1996, the total population of Taiwan and Fukien Province (those parts of Fukien under jurisdictional control of the ROC) , by the end of 1996, amounted to 21,525,433 persons, of which 5,262,350 are draftable males at the ages from 18 to 45, which was 24.45% of the total population. In 1996, the net population growth was only 0.83% , less than one percent. There is a phenomenon that the population has been decreasing in a long term. Additionally, eligible males for military service seem to be in decline as those physically unfit for military service increase. (See Chart 3-1) ## 2. Getting The Manpower Over the year, new units in ROC's Armed Forces (ROCAF), provided with second generation of weapons and equipment, are incrementally organized. Furthermore, the MND is fully devoted to restructuring the force ![133_image_1.png](133_image_1.png) ![133_image_0.png](133_image_0.png) Note:The figures listed above are provided by the governments of Taiwan Province, Fukien Province, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City . structure. In order to attract more officers and NCOs on a voluntary bases, the following measures are being adopted: a. The Self-designated Job It is exclusively designed for the graduates from the high-tech and polytechnic schools with a view to attracting and increasing the sources for ROCAF's NCOs and to reduce the shortage of high skill technicians. The ROCAF has been executing the Regulations of the Self-designated Job for the Reserve NCOs since FY 1996. According to MND published information regarding needed MOS, selfdesignated jobs and working places, the following youths are eligible to make their application to join the Army in conformity with their willingness, specialties, and working locations: The unmarried male, a graduate of high and vocational schools at the age of 18; unmarried male at the age of 19, a graduate to be from the school higher than the high ( polytechnical ) schools, not recruited for the military service of the year; and the youths having finished military service at the ages less than 25. They may apply for this purpose to the military training office of the high (polytechnic) schools at which they are studying. The applicants who are approved by the Service GHQs concerned are qualified to join the Army for a three-year service as reserve NCOs. From 1996 to 1998, 4,199 persons were selected for this purpose. They have so far made a good record in the military because they are able to effectively develop their civilian specialties. An Activation for the Two-Year Technological Department In a contrast to the academic system for the b. technological college, the MND has taken a policy that a recruitment is made to the youths graduating from junior colleges. After enrollment, the draftees may receive a two-year basic training as a professional line officer. Upon graduation, they are awarded a bachelor's degree and assigned as a second lieutanent, and required to serve in the military as a voluntary officer at least for 6 years. This program began in Army Academy in academic year of 1996 for trial purposes. There are now 59 c. students in the business administration and electrical mechanic departments under training at the Army Academy . The Establishment of ROTC at University In order to meet the Armed Forces cadres demand, since 1997 academic year, the MND has established the "ROTC at University" to attract the skilled youths to join the Army. Through selection examinations from the public and private colleges, the MND will provide a scholarship to outstanding sophomores who are willing to serve the country (not including those who have already received public scholarship ) with a view to preparing themselves as for ROTC on a voluntary basis. The ROC Army has been conducting this program as a trial since the 1997 academic year. They are receiving ROTC at the Northern, Central and Southern Educational Centers 4 hours a week of the subjects including military theory. During the winter and summer vacations, they will be assigned to the Army Academy to receive basic military education. Upon graduation from the university, they will then take part in specities MOS training at the branch school concerned. After completing the training, the qualified graduates will be assigned as a Second Lieutenant to serve in the military at least for 5 years. Expanding the Employment of WAC Officers and NCOs Since 1992, the ROCAF has activated the "WAC d. Officers and NCOs Training Course " for the purpose of recruiting female youths to join the Armed Forces, serving in noncombatant jobs. As of the end of 1997, 4,718 females have been drafted for this purpose and assigned to the activities, schools, hospitals, factories, plants, depots, and other units at the levels higher than battalion. (See Table 3-1 and Table 3-2) Generally speaking, these females have had a good record has been so far made in the field of their services to the Armed Forces. In addition, in order to broaden the channel for the WAC's career development, the ROC government has taken a policy since June 1995 that female youths are included in the cadets of the Military Academies in order to enlarge the service scope for the WAC and made a good use of the female manpower to upgrade the overall combat capability for the ROCAF in coordination with the " plan for the ROC Armed Forces Organization and Force Structure." ## Manpower Quality As the growth rate of the nation's middle and high education, the ROCAF is also currently elevating its officers' and men educational levels. Officers and soldiers with their educational level higher than high school totaled 84.07% in 1997, as compared to 82.82% of 1995. For the comparision of educational level of the officers and men in the most recent three years, see Chart 3-2. ## 3. 108 | Professional | Professional | | | |----------------|----------------|----------|----------| | Classification | Officers | Officers | Subtotal | | Course | Course | | | | 1993 | 388 | 752 | 1,140 | | 1994 | 441 | 453 | 894 | | 1995 | 388 | 580 | ಕಿ8 | | 1996 | 262 | 407 | 669 | | 1997 | 363 | 684 | 1,047 | | Total | 1,842 | 2,876 | 4,718 | Table 3-1 The Manpower of WAC's Officers and NCOs from 1993-1997 Note:1. Not including the persons under training, the number of WAC's officers is 4% of total ROCAF's Officers. 2. The number of persons listed above does not include those under training. Analysis of the educational level of officers, Chart 3-2 NCOs and soldiers from 1995-1998 ![137_image_0.png](137_image_0.png) # Defense Resources The Wac'S Officers And Ncos Courses Of Table 3-2 Rocaf'S Academies And Schools | Training | | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------|--------|------|---------| | School | Service | | | | | | | | Duration | Qualifications for Entrance Examination | Duration | | | | | | | Army Academy | Age: From 17 to 22, unmarried. | | | | | | | | | Educational Background: A graduate or an | 6 years | | | | | | | | equivalent from the public and/or private high | (10 | | | | | | | Navy Acadcmy | school, polytechnical school, supplementary | years | | | | | | | | school, or junior college. | for the | | | | | | | | 3. | Physical Qualifications: With the heights from | Medicine | | | | | | Cadet | Chungcheny College of Science and | 4 years | 155cm to 180ca. (As for the Army and Navy | and | | | | | Course | and | 3 | Academies, from 158 ca to 180 cm ), at the | | | | | | Engineering | months | Dentel | | | | | | | | weights from 42 to 70 kilograms, and the bare | Depts of | | | | | | | | sight for bolh eyes above 0. 2, with the | National | | | | | | | National Defense Medical Center | correction sigt above 1.0 (As for the National | Defense | | | | | | | | Defense Medical Center, the correction sight | Medical | | | | | | | | above | 0.8. | bat. | without | taking | into | Center) | | | consideration the bare sight). | | | | | | | | Political Warfare University | 45-35 | | | | | | | | Political Warfare University | Weeks | | | | | | | | 22 | | | | | | | | | National Defense Management College | Weeks | Ages: From 19 to 26. unmarried. | | | | | | | | 2. | Educational Background: A graduate from the | | | | | | | Army Communications and Electronics | 28 | public and/or private jenior colleges. | | | | | | | School | Weeks | 3. | Physical Qualifications: With the heights from | | | | | | Profess | 155m to 180ca. (but from 160cm to 190cm for | | | | | | | | ional | Army Logistics School | Air Force Academy }, at the weights from 42 | | | | | | | Officer | to 70 kilograms, and without taking into | 4 years | | | | | | | Course | account the bare sight, but the correction sight | | | | | | | | 19 | above 0.8 (as for the Air Force Academy, the | | | | | | | | Flying Course of Air Force Academy | Weeks | bare sights for both eyes above 1. 0 so as to | | | | | | | | meet the qualificatons as an air crew's phyiscal | | | | | | | | | checkup). | | | | | | | | 45-35 | | | | | | | | | Air Force Aviation Technical School | Weeks | | | | | | | | Reactiness Mobilization Management | 40 | | | | | | | | School | Weeks | | | | | | | | National Defense Management Collage | Weeks | | | | | | | | Army Communications and Electronics | 26-30 | 2. | Age: From 17 to 24, wamarried. equivalent from the public and/or privite high | | | | | | School | Weeks | school, polytechical school, supplementary | | | | | | | Profess | school, or junior college. | | | | | | | | ional | 20 | | | | | | | | Army Logistics School | 3. | With the heights from 155cm to 180cm (as for | 3 years | | | | | | NCO's | Weeks | the Automobile Driver Course of Air Force | | | | | | | Course | Technical School, 160 cm to 180 cm }, the | | | | | | | | 32 | | | | | | | | | Navy Technical School | weights from 42 to 70 kilograms, and without | | | | | | | | Wecks | taking into account the bare sight, but the | | | | | | | | | correction sight above 0.8. | | | | | | | | 22 | | | | | | | | | Air Force Aviation Technical School | Weeks | | | | | | | | 1. | Upon graduation, the self-expensed student from the Chungeheng College of Science and Engineering, National Defense | | | | | | | 2. 3. 4. Medical Center, and National Defense Management College may select, in accordance with his own willingness, cither to serve as a voluntary ROTC with military service duration of 3 years and 3 months or as a standing officer (the military service duration is the same as the cades s). is the band as the cand a seriously notarious record at school, or was dismissed by military academy or school, are not eligible to join the entrance examination. Those who eame from Chinese mainland are not permissible to take part in the entrance examination without living in Taiwan at least for 10 years. The students during training period are all government expensed and may receive salary and allowances accordingly. ## Manpower Management 4. 5. The Uses Of Manpower In order to maximize the effectiveness of managing manpower, the MND is now discussing a plan to review the personnel management and educational policy in order to select, cultivate, and employ the available talents to match the best position to the best person. The ROCAF's career management is nucleus of the personnel system. The MND has been taking such measures as the "enrolling, training, employing, retiring, and veteran-caring," etc. , based on the military concept and the requirements of the strength buildup, so that the ROCAF's cadres will be fully willing to serve the Armed Forces, working at a right place as an active duty, and may quickly join in the national constructions immediately upon retirement. According to the requirements of the ROCAF's military buildup and combat readiness, the MND has made an overall and long-term plan for guidance and control based on the personnel replacement, assignment, dismissal, promotion, training, retain, and retirement. It selects the proper channels for officers and men to develop their career in accordance with the factors such as the individual education background, experience, potential for development, attributes, etc. so as to make them exclusively perform their functions as well as get their promotion accordingly. As for those who have no potential development, they are encouraged to receive the professional training, increasing their skills for the vocational assistance in order to effectively develop the national manpower resources as a whole in coordination with the program of an overall uses of the national manpower . ## Ii . Structure Of The Manpower 1. Force Structure Ratio among the Army, Navy, and Air Force as lain down for the 1997 are as follows: a. Army: 51.88% b. Navy: 14.09% c. Air Force: 14.36% d . CSF: 2.07% e. Reserve Corps Command (including the Coast Guard Command): 5.46% f . g . Central Command: 8.76% Military Police: 3.47% ## 2. Force Reduction The total manpower of the Armed Forces has been reduced from more than 480,000 persons in 1995 to approximately 450,000 persons in 1997. The reduction amounts to around 20,000 persons. ## 3. Age Spectrum In 1997, the average age of the ROCAF's officers, NCOs and enlisted men was 23.55 years old, of which the average officer was 30.8 years old, and the average of NCOs 23.61, and enlisted persons was 21.08 years old. As for the comparision on the average age among officers, NCOs, and soldiers from 1995 to 1997, see Chart 3-3; and for the average age of all-level commanding officers of ROCAF from 1995 to 1997, see Table 3-3, Chart 3-3. | Classification | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | |------------------------|--------|--------|--------| | Field Army Level | 55.22 | 55.40 | 53.53 | | Division Level | 46.30 | 46.49 | 46.35 | | Brigade/Regiment Level | 40.95 | 39.96 | 40.11 | Table 3-3 Average Age of All-level Commanding Officers from .. 1995-1997 Comparision among the average age of officers, NCOs and soldiers of ROCAF from 1995-1997 Chart 3-3 ![141_image_0.png](141_image_0.png) # Material ## I . Defense Industry 1. Policy a. In adherence to the principle that the mobilization is based on the administrative works, while the combat readiness on the economic constructions, the MND is in cooperation with the public and private enterprises so as to have the defense industry based on the civilian sector. b. The capabilities for the production, manufacture, and R&D of the military supplies are upgraded by uniting together the manufacturing, official, and academic circles so as do help the private industry and support the economy and diplomacy. It is to gain the industrial cooperation and elevate the national industry level as a whole. c. ## 2. Execution a. Research and Manufacture of the Military Hardware: A joint evaluation of the defense industry is launched every year to assess the current 118 output capability and technology of public and private factories. It aims at assisting them in solving their difficulties and enables the civilian companies to participate in the role of the satellite factories for the military production in order to jointly study and produce the military goods and to improve the quality of military hardware. In 1997, after making an on-site tour of 200 manufacturers, having registered for the production, are ready to produce more than 600 items of military goods: the Army's Automobile Depot, Navy's Munitions Factory, Air Force's 2nd Logistic Command, the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, and CSF'S 202nd Plant. Transference of Technology: The service items-for b. the Service Center of Technological Transference, the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology have been broadened by holding exhibitions of military goods and the demonstration meetings of technological transference, etc. so as to enhance the consultation , guidance, and services for the technological transference. The developed techniques have been so far transferred into civilian factories, so that the domestic industry and technology levels are elevated and the productivity increased. By the end of 1997, 176 items of technological transference and 2,409 assistances of technique in total have been accomplished. As a result, 151 manufacturers are favored. Assistance in Producing Military Hardware: In c. view of the fact that the ROCAF has a demand for numerous items of military equipment, the following procedures are incompatible with the manufacturer's investment and the R&D cost: It is prescribed in "the Assistance Procedures for the Military Goods Production of the Public and Private Industry" that the qualified manufacturers of military items are eligible to receive the rights of a 5-year negotiated price and listed price. In order to stabilize the acquisition source of military hardware, gain quality assurance, and protect the rights of the military manufacturers, MND has adopted "the long-term rights" instead of " the 5year Preferential Procedures" since March 1997 in order to select qualified manufacturers year by year, to participate in the research and production of the military hardware. Repair and Maintenance by Businessmen: According to "the Procedures for the ROCAF's Equipment Repair and Maintenance Awarded to the Public and Private Factories, " a juridical person, the public organization, and a private manufacture both at home and abroad, which has a company, factory, or business certificate approved by the development center of the corporate body or an authorized agreement for the repair and maintenance through a notary, and possesses the repair and maintenance capacity for military items, is eligible to make application to the following units for selection to sign an open repair d. and maintenance contract, taking over the technical services such as repair, maintenance, assembling, reprocessing for the military goods: The three Service GHQs, the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, the Reserve Corps Command, the Coast Guard Command, the . Military Police Command, and the direct subordinate agencies of MND. At present stage, there are more than 13 public and private manufactures such as Asia Airlines, China Shipyard, and the Institute of Industry and Technology, joined in the repair and maintenance for the ROCAF's military items in the following M-41 tank, B-727 passenger transport, Chengkonclass frigate with missiles, etc. Additionally, in order to consolidate the commercial maintenance policy, the MND is ready to offer the following equipment for commercial maintenance contracts: AH-IW attack helicopters, OH-58D patrol helicopters, and the passenger ship, etc. The qualified domestic and foreign manufacturers are all welcome to bid for repair and maintenance work on ROCAF's military equipment . Military Sales to Foreign States: For efficiency and e. economy, the MND has implemented " the Procedures for the Military Sale to Foreign States by the Military Organizations " in March 1996, in which the responsibilities, control, and SOP for the military sale to foreign countries of the ROCAF's military hardware are specified. The ROCAF's military items for the sales abroad are divided into three categories: The specific military items, the traditional military goods, and the common items both for the military and civilian use. Taking into account national security and overall interests, the MND is cooperating with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Economic Affairs on all matters pertaining to military equipment which are going to sale, the category of the military hardware and the items of the military goods offered to foreign services. Only getting a permission from the competent agency in advance, can the military sale be offered. ## Ii . The Acquisition Of Weaponry And Equipment Policy 1. a. The MND has formed an organizational framework to facilitate procurement for various levels in ROCAF, specifically defined the responsibilities, and established a complete procurement system for the Armed Forces in accordance with the following principles: " The Outline for Planning the ROCAF's Military Organization and Force Restructure, " the Reduction of Organizational Levels, the "Centralization of Procurement, " "the Division of Responsibility and Prevention of Cases, " and " the Bribery Delegation of Authority . " Authority . " In principle, a centralized authority is set up to deal with the military procurement. It is the responsibility assigned to the Procurement Bureau, MND to manage the domestic procurements of more than NT $30,000,000 and the foreign procurements in excess of over US $ 500,000. b. To distribute procurement to avoid overdependence from a single source reduces exposure and risk in military equipment. c. The Requirement Committee, the Sorting Committee, the Decision Making Committee, and the Acquisition-Implementation Committee have been established. Thus, the review procedures for the acquisition of military items can be properly focussed. The decision-making process is open, transparent and normal, because a collective decision-making model is adopted with the review, evaluation, and procurement of the major weapons and equipment on the one hand, as well as professional skills and mutual confidence building are established. It is planned that the foreign manufacturers will be d . requested to fulfill industrial cooperation in for foreign procurements in excess of US $ 50,000,000 (and amended to more than 0.5 billion NT dollars since October 1, 1997) in order to lay down the proper principles and foundation for industrial cooperation. Upon review and appoved by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the industrial e. cooperation plan will be integrated into the contracting process which will upgrade the domestic industrial technological level. ## 2. Execution a. In 1996 and 1997, 48,174 procurement cases were executed, of which the domestic purchasing amounted to 44,821 cases, while the foreignprocurements totaled 3,264 cases, and military sale totaled 89 cases. The overall total funds expanded was NT $136,267,2709,000. (see Chart 3-4 and Chart 3-5) b. c. Seminars: Seminars are held once a year for domestic and foreign manufacturers respectively. These seminars were held on May 8, 1996 and July 6, 1997, in which 81 manufacturers participated. Representative Agent System: "The Procedures for the Registration, Control and Employment of the Foreign Manufacturers' Representatives or Agents in Taiwan by ROC's Military Establishments" was enacted in July 1997 in order to adopt an open, transparent and normal process for the foreign manufacturers' representatives or agents in Taiwan to participate in the ROCAF's military purchasing and to prevent illegal commissions and other outlay. All the foreign manufacturers, companies, or their representatives stationed in Taiwan, participating in the military sales to the ROCAF, are requested to present their authorized Chart 3-4 Analysis for the purchasing cases of ROCAF's military items from 1996-1997 - Military Sale ![149_image_0.png](149_image_0.png) 93.04% Grand Total in Cases : 48,174 cases Analysis of funds for purchasing ROCAF's military Chart 3-5 items from 1996-1997 ![149_image_1.png](149_image_1.png) Grand Total:NT $ 136,267,270,000 certificates and other related papers to the Procurement Bureau, MND for registration. The certified representatives or agents are eligible to conduct military purchasing actiuities including introducing military equipment, providing quotations, making the official contacts, and/or joining in the bidding representing their enterprises, negotiating and comparing the prices, and signing the contracts, etc. d . Information Published for Military Purchasing The information of the procurement cases which are conducted on an open bidding basis will be published in " the Government Procurement Bulletin" with the purpose of making the military purchasing open and transparent. e. Training for the Procurement Personnel: In order to facilitate the training for the procurement personnel, the MND has worked out the procedures for the ROCAF procurement officers' career management. " All the ROCAF's organic procurement persons, who are in charge of the functions pertaining to the purchasing, bidding, contracting, and deliveries-accepting, are listed in the career management, and receive the appropriate education and OJT to develop their knowledgs and practical experience to improve the ROCAF's purchasing system. Proocessing the Disputes and Appeals: f . According to regulations published by the Executive Yuan, known as " the Points to Be Observed by the Central Government and Various Agencies in the Process of the People's Appeals, " the MND had implented " the Task Force in Processing the Appeals and Disputes on Purchasing matters " exclusively dealing with the military purchasing disputes, and illustrates questions raised about the process. In the Fiscal Years 1996 and 1997, the MND has evaluated and responded to all the 106 competition cases received. # Funding I . The Special Budget Execution of the Advanced Combat Aircraft ## 1. The Contents Of The Special Budget In 1993, in view of the fact that its main combat aircraft were getting older everyday with obtaining spare parts difficult, the ROCAF urgently needed to purchase the F-16 and Mirage 2000-5 fighters to maintain its air defense capability. A special budget totaling NT $ 300,710,000,000 was planned and executed for Fiscal Years 1993-2001. ## 2. The Execution Status In Fiscal Years from 1993 to 1998, special budgets for advanced combat aircraft amounted to NT the $ 289,360,000,000 of which NT $ 207,510,890,000 has been spent (namely, NT $69,183,390,000 for F-16, while NT $ 111,326,490,000 plus for the Mirage 2000-5) , and the remaining balance is NT $ 81,849,110,000 which is being continuously expended in accordance with the contracts awarded . 124 1998 National Defense Report ## Ii . Budget Execution Of The Fiscal Years 1996 And 1997 1. Budget Execution Of The Fy 1996 (See Chart 3-6) In FY 1996, the MND had administrated a budget of NT $ 258,336,911,000, of which NT $ 224,548,795,835 had been audited (86.92%) and certified accurate, NT $ 30,653,670,390 to be further evaluated (11.87%), NT $ 255,202,466,225 to be audited expenditure (98.97%) with only NT$3,134,444,775 remaining unaudited (1.21%). Chart 3-6 The execution of defense budget in FY 1996 ![153_image_0.png](153_image_0.png) O Audited Payment □ Problematic Expenditure O Remaining Balance Grand Total:NT $ 258,336,911,000 ## 2. Budget Execution Of The Fy 1997 (See Chart 3-7) In FY 1987, the NMD administrated a budget of NT $ 268,822,272,000, of which NT $ 249,049,528,329 had been audited ( 92.65% ) and certified accurate NT $ 17,371,424,444 to be fewer than evaluated (6.46%), NT $ 266,420,948,767 to be audited expenditure (99.11%)with only NT$2,401,323,233 remaining unaudited (0.89%). Chart 3-7 The execution of defense budget in FY 1997 Audited Payment NT $ 249,049,528,323 92.65% ![154_image_0.png](154_image_0.png) Problematic Expenditure NT $ 17,371,420,444 6.46% 0.89% Remaining Balance ![154_image_1.png](154_image_1.png) ![154_image_2.png](154_image_2.png) NT $ 2,401,323,233 □ Audited Payment O Problematic Expenditure O Remaining Balance Grand Total:NT $ 268,822,272,000 ## Ii . Fy 1998 Defense Budget 1. The Defense Budget For the FY 1998, the defense budget amounted to NT $ 274,782,670.000, which is 22.43% of the total national budget-NT $1,225,264,656.000. To compare with the defense budget of 1997 which was 22.51% of the total national budget, 0.08% has been reduced. It is now 3.26% of the GDP as compared with the FY 1997, which was 3.45%; the defense budget has been reduced by 0.19% of the GDP. We point it that the defense budget is descending every year. ## 2. An Analysis Of The Defense Budget The Defense Budget in Accordance with the FY a. 1998 Executive Affairs (See Chart3-8) (1) The Defense Outlay: It It is NT $ 253,691,884,000 to include the following expenditures: All the ROCAF's equipment, military installations, constructions, facilities, military executive works, political warfare, operational education and training, intelligence, mobilization, communications, supply and maintenance, logistic support, and personnel under the MND's HQ and its subordinate units and agencies. C Community Development and Environment Protection Outlay [ Pension for Retirees and ![156_image_0.png](156_image_0.png) NT $ 1,385,682,000 ![156_image_1.png](156_image_1.png) [ Social Welfare Outlay NT $ 5,019,275,000 [ Education, Science and Defense budget in accordance with the executive affairs in 1998 Chart 3-8 NT $ 2,196,283,000 Grand Total:NT $ 274,782,670,000 The Education, Science and Culture Outlay: This amounts to NT $ 7,146,702.000,including the expenses for scientific study and the facilities in support of the science research. (2) The Social Warfare Outlay: It is NT $ 5,019,275,000, to include the funds in the following: The insurance expense for the officers and men, labors, and civilian employees, and the supplementary funds for the national health insurance rendered to the dependents of military personnel and labor workers. (3) (4) The Community Development and NT $ 253,691,884,000 92.32% Environment Protection Outlay: This amounts $ 2,196,283,000,covering to NT the expenditures for the environmental protection affairs as well as the loan foundation for the ROCAF's military personnel to purchase houses. (5) Pensions for the Retirees and Bereaved Family: It is NT $ 5,342,844,000 to include the outlay for the pensions to the retirees and the bereaved families. Other Outlay: This amounts to NT $1, (6) 385,682,000, primarily the supplementary expenses for the military dependents. Defense Budget Sharing Structure by Components b. in 1998 ( see Chart 3-9) Ministry HQ: This is NT $ 89,187,000 ( of which the administrative management amounts to NT $85,187,000 and the information facilities NT $ 4,000,000). As compared with the FY 1997, NT $3,160,000 is increased, mainly to support the expenses on the defense executive affairs and policy study . Organic Units, MND: This amounts to NT (1) (2) $ 274,693,483,000, as compared to FY 1997, NT $ 5,957,082,000 is increased, primarily in support of the funds such as the renovation of weapons and equipment and the R&D of defense technology, etc. It is allocated in the following: Continued on the state of the ![158_image_0.png](158_image_0.png) Defense budget sharing structure of components in Chart 3-9 1998 (a) Army: It is NT $ 55,359,238,000, 20,15% of the total defense budget. Navy: It amounts NT to $ 37,427,924,000, 13.62% of the total defense budget. (b) (c) Air Force: It is NT $26,968,585,000, 9.81% of the total defense budget. CSF: It amounts to NT $ 122,029,710,000, 44.41% of the total defense budget. (d) (e) Reserve Corps Command including the Coast Guard ( Command ): It is NT $1,203,055,000, 0.44% of the total defense budget. (f) Organic Units, MND: it amounts to NT $ 21,346,054,000, 7.77% of the total defense budget. (g) Combined Service: It NT is $ 10,358,927,000, 3.77% of the total defense budget. c. Defense Budget balances in accordance with Command of the Air, Command of the Sea, Counter-Landing Operations and Readiness Support (See Chart 3-10) Chart 3-10 Defense budget balance in 1998 Control of the Air 23.96% ![159_image_0.png](159_image_0.png) Counterlanding 23.02% 27.66% (1) (2) Command of of the Air Operations: This amounts to NT $ 21,239, 799,000, 23.96% of the total military investment budget. Command of the Sea Operations: This is NT $ 22,576,993,000, 25,36% of the total military investment budget. (3) (4) Counter-landing Operations: This amounts to NT $20,488,865,000, 23.02% of the total military investment budget. Readiness Support: This is NT $ 24,615,899,000, 27.66% of the total military investment budget. ## Iv . A Comparision Of The Defense Budgets From The Fy 1994 To Fy 1998 1. Defense Budget as a Share of Central Government and a Percentage of GDP from 1994 to 1998 (see Chart 3-11). The defense budget in FY 1998 is 22.43% of the Central Government budget, as compared with the 24.28% in FY 1994; as for the GDP, the defense budget in 1998 is 3.26% of the GDP, in comparision with the 4.22% FY 1994. 2. Comparision of defense budget growth as share of central government budget from 1994-1998 (Sec Chart 3-12). The total budget of the central government in FY 1998 amounts to NT$ 1,225,000,000,000. As compared with NT $ 1,064,700,000,000 in FY 1994, it has increased NT $ 160,400,000,000 (the growth rate is 15.07%), while the defense budget in FY 1994-1998 only increases NT$ 16,200,000,000 odd (the growth rate is 6.30%). As a 1998 National Defense Report 16,200,000,000 odd (the growth rate is 6.30%). As a matter fact, the defense budget is actually descending every year. Chart 3-11 Defense budget as a share of central government and a percentage of GDP from 1994 to 1998 ![161_image_0.png](161_image_0.png) Chart 3-12 Comparision of defeuse budget growth as share of central government budget from 1994-1998 ![161_image_1.png](161_image_1.png) 10.647 10,292 11,348 The Ratio of the Published and Hidden Defense Budgets. (see Chart 3-13) The published defense budget in FY 1994 was only 44.78% of the total defense budget, while in FY 1998, it has increased to 68.20%. In other words, the transparency degree is substantially increased with each publication of the defense budget every year. Chart 3-13 The ratio of the published and hiddeen defense budgets from 1994-1998 ![162_image_0.png](162_image_0.png) 3. 1998 National Defense Report 134 . - - 1. We can be : : 上一篇: # Defense Management ## I . Defense Fund Management On July 1, 1996, the Ministry of National Defense revised " MND Ordinary Public Units Accounting in Coordination with the Central Bank Payment Regulations" to include the defense fund into concentration payment of the Central Bank, so that defense fund can be effectively used and financial affair strictly controlled based on PPBS, and Armed Forces build-up objective can be achieved in accordance with the restructuring concept and force plan. ## Ii . Defense Information Management The Armed Forces information management, planned in accordance with "Armed Forces Development Policy Planning Report" and "FY 1995-FY 2004 Armed Forces Development Guideline, " focuses on development of information organization, cultivation of talents, system design, application, and standardization. In 1996 and 1997, emphasis was put on regrouping of database, basic network development, and logistic support needed by equipping of new weapons. Concrete achievements are as follows: Completion of "Armed Forces Internal Net " which has 1. integrated the networks of MND staff units and service headquarters, and is enhancing its added functions such as WWW, E-mail, FTP site, and NEWS. 2. The establishment of "Defense Management Database, " establishes files for Armed Forces authorized and actual number of personnel, MOS, budgeting, weapons & equipment, and logistics data, which have also been included in the "Armed Forces Internal Net" for reference by concerned persons. ## Ii . Logistic Support Management 1. Adjusting Logistics Support Structure The logistics structure of the Armed Forces was originally designed in an offensive pattern which does not comply with the present strategic direction of "strong defense posture. " In accordance with the "Armed Forces Military Organization and Force Restructuring Plan ," this pattern has been changed into "local logistics."(Note 8) as well as "joint logistics, " Thus, the Headquarters of the Combined Service Forces has managed to combine the common military supply items, maintenance, transportation, real estate management, common engineering, and survey together, while the services headquarters are responsible for their special logistics. ## 2. Establishing Integrated Logistic Support System For effectively integrating logistics support and management, MND has started from 1991 planning the integrated logistics support by using the logistics engineering and management science and techniques, so that logistics capability can be established as soon as weapons and equipment are operational. So far, maintenance manuals have been compiled and instructors have been trained for M60-A-3 tanks, CM-11&12 tanks, AH-1W attack helicopters, OH-58D helicopters, Perry-class frigates, Lafayette-class frigates, Knox-class frigates, IDF fighter, F-16s, Mirage 2000-5 fighter, E2T, and anti-air craft and anti-ship missiles. Such work will continue in order to elevate readiness rate of weapons and equipment and to reduce cost. ## 3. Promoting Standardization Concept As weapons and equipment are diversified, filing and keeping of the huge amount of data is very difficult and inconvenient, and constituted a great burden to logistics agencies. To solve this problem, MND has adopted CALS ( Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support ) to standardize operational concept and increase management efficiency. ## Note: 8. Area logistics is a kind of logistics support. Logistics units (troops) deployed in an operational area do not move along with the units they support. Any combat unit deployed in the area is supported by the same area logistics units (troops ) which can also use private support capabilities. 1998 National Defense Report . - - 1 : the consideration of the controlled 、 # Defense Technology ## I . Policy 1. 2. Establish an independent research and production capability based on the principle of "forward-looking, integration, interoperability, and continuity." Combine all efforts from various circles to root the research and production capability of defense technology in the private sector . Coordinate defense technology development policy with national technology development policy to double effectiveness. 3. ## Ii . The Achievement 1. Research And Development Of Major Weapon Systems Based on "fight the kind of war with what is available", research and development is planned into the following phases; concept design, demonstration, production deployment, and operations support. test-firing and inspection are carried out by stages to ensure quality and determine whether continuous development is necessary. Research, development and production of major weapon systems have been started by the services in the 1980s. Under the joint efforts of the academic and industrial circles, key techniques have been acquired; and advanced fighter, warships, and missiles have been developed. They are listed in the following: a. ು ಕಾರ್ಯ ಸಾಂಪ್ರೆಸ್ ವಿರುದು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ## Idf Fighter : Quantity production has been started since June, 1994; production of 130 aircraft has been programmed, and the first combat wing has been operational. b. Sky Sword - 1 Missiles Quantity production has been started since June 1993, and they also have been operational. Sky Sword - II missiles c. Test - firing has been conducted and missiles are in the process of production. d. Sky Bow - I missiles Test - firing has been conducted and missiles have been operational. e. Sky Bow - II missiles Test - firing has been conducted and missiles are in the process of production. Hsiung Feng - I missiles f . Missiles have been deployed and operational . g. Missile Frigates The Chengkung, Chikuang, Yuehfei, and Tziyi frigates have been operational, and the Panchao and Changchien frigates are in the process of being tested . Coastal Patrol Boats h. The Chinchiang class patrol boat has been operational and others are planned to be built. ![170_image_0.png](170_image_0.png) IDF fighter and Sky Sword Ⅱ missile ![170_image_1.png](170_image_1.png) The Cheng Kung frigate and Hsiung feng Ⅱ missile ## 142 2. Research And Development Of Conventional Weapons B. Artillery Based on the principle of forward-looking, independent research and development, the combined Services Force Headquarters and the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology have jointly researched and developed the following weapons in accordance with force restructuring requirement of the services: a. Tanks and Armored Vehicles CM armored vehicles series have been developed. Part of them have been operational and will continue to be mass-produced. Research and development of other vehicles, such as communication command vehicles, artillery observation vehicles, and ambulances are on the way. XT86A1 howitzers, Type 2000 multi-barrel rockets, M32K1 tank gun, and 20mm T82F/Ts cannon have been developed and test-fired . Part of them are scheduled to be produced. Small Arms C. 66mm T-85 launchers and 40mm T-85 howitzer launchers have been developed and test-fired. They are scheduled to be produced. Others d . TC-85 20mm high-explosive ammunition,XTS-85 reflective sights, night vision monitoring system, light sterilizers, soft bullet-proof vests, antiinfrared colored rain-coats, and so on, have been ![172_image_0.png](172_image_0.png) Sky Bow II missile יי ![172_image_1.png](172_image_1.png) CM-31 armored vehicle ## 1998 National Defense Report ![173_Image_0.Png](173_Image_0.Png) 2000 multi-barrel rocket developed and are in the process of quantity production. ## 3. Academic Cooperation Based on the requirements of defense operations, academic research focuses on aviation, missile development, electronics, chemistry, and material of forward-looking and traditional weapons. In 1986, both the National Science Committee and the MND entrusted the academic sector to research defense technology on aviation technique, applied mechanics, electronic information, chemical engineering, and material. Up to July, 1997, a total of NT$2,650,000,000 has been invested and a total of 1,850 items has been researched by personnel from more than 20 colleges and research institutions. The results are ## 144 Used To Develop Major Weapon Systems. (See Table 3-4) The R&D Capability of the Defense Special Technology Table 3-4 | Classification | R&D Capability | |-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------| | The design, analysis, simulation, manufacturing, assembling, | | | Aviation | ground test and flight test of aircraft and aviation engines. | | The self-design, research, manufacfuring, assembling, test, | | | and flight test for the types of the large-caliber and long-range | | | Missiles | rockets and tactical missiles. And in the field of the propeller, | | Rockets | flight control, inertia guidance, warhead fuse, lanuching | | system, and sophisticated process techinques. | | | The research and manufacture of the electronics elements, | | | Electronics | spare parts, components, photo-electrons equipment, and | | underwater test weapons. | | | The research and manufacture of the propelling fuels, high- | | | Chemical | tech explosives, and the anti-corrosive, anti-wet, chemical | | protective, smoking, and anti-firing agents. | | | The resarch and manufacture of the materials and prototypes | | | Materials | for the cells, aviation, space, complex, super-alloy, pottery, | | porcelain, and accaustics and lighting porcelain. | | | The measurement of magnetic jams, the experimentation of | | | Quality | reliability and environment, the automatic test, the quality | | Assurance | assurance of aviation, mechanic, electronics and materials, | | and the correction of instruments. | | and PART FOUR IMPORTANT NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAMMING 【,】 : : : : : : : : : . : 11:42:1 1 : and - 1 : 1 : . Augus 1. 2. Education of patriotism covers primary the subject of "for whom to fight, and for what to fight." MND is to actively review and revise national defense regulations in order to meet actual needs. Include: The "National Defense Law", The" Court Martial Jurisdiction Law", The " Fort and Important Military Zone Law", The "Armed Forces Criminal Law", and The "Provisions of Military Education". 3. The "Armed Forces Organization and Strength Adjustment Program" aim to build a modernized ROC Armed Forces that is "elitist, small, but strong." This Program will be accomplished by 2001. By the time, the total strength of the ROC Armed Forces will be reduced to 400,000. 4 . Strengthening the basic levels of troops is the key factor to refine the ROC Armed Forces and achieve combat readiness. The strengthening program is being conducted by improving academic education, career control, and internal affairs management. 5. As the 2nd generation of weapons have entered into service and " The Armed Force Organization and Strength Adjustment Program"has been carried out, the ROC Armed Forces tend to develop toward "Professionalism." Based on mission and characteristics of each military academies, separate cadre development, "Armed Forces Organization and Strength Adjustment Program", and requirements of defensive operations, MND has consolidated professional military education into the following categories. political warfare, personnel, intelligence, and logistics, with the aim of stressing professionalism and improving quality of professional military education. The total military academies will be reduced to 20. The pension of the retired officers and NCOs has been doubled according to "The Regulation of Service and Retirement Pension" for officers and NCOs. Parents and spouse of those who dead or wounded in battle or on duty, will get monthly payment for life time. Children will be treated the same until they are 20 years old, or graduate from collage. The family of those who has serviced for more than 20 years and died in his service, could choose taking half of the monthly paid pension for their whole life. Under the principle of not affecting combat mission and national security, MND has reviewed to desolate military camps and transferred the land to local governments for development. In 1996 and 1997, a total of 165 pieces of lands have been transferred to local governments with a total area of 134.797 hectares. In order to cope with national major constructions, such as building science parks, high-speed railway, freeway, and so on, MND has turned over a total of 18 pieces of land (342.9835 hectares) to the government. Furthermore, MND has also transfered 162 pieces of land (51.5809 hectares) to local governments for development. 6. 7. # Education Of Patriotism And Assistance To Troops ## I . Fortifying The Faith Of Officers And Men Education of patriotism covers loyalty, democratic rule of law, humanism, revolutionary spirit, morality, anticommunism, anti-Taiwan independence, national reunification, the five faiths, military discipline and security, for whom to fight, and for what to fight. This education of patriotism regards educating of new recruits as the starting point, troop education as the main point, school education as the foundation, and education of reservists as its extension. It is carried out by regular and ad hoc channels, the TV program of "Ju-Kuang Patriotism Education," newspapers, magazines, and radio broadcast, In addition, writing materials are also issued to various units. The purpose of this education is to cultivate integrity of military personnel in order to arm their spiritual power. ## Ii . Enhancing Medical Care Service 1. Increasing Hardware Facilities In order to meet defense operations needs, balance medical care resources, and improve the quality of services, MND invested NT $ 5,700,000,000 in FY 1996 and 1997 respectively to renovate part of military hospitals in order to provide soldiers and civilians with better services. ## 2. Facilitating Emergency Treatment In order to facilitate soldiers to get emergency treatment in nearby non-military hospitals contracted by the National Health Insurance Bureau, MND has revised the "Regulations of Emergency Treatment by Military Personnel." Furthermore, for the purpose of improving medical treatment on offshore islands and taking care of those who are suffering from chronic diseases, MND has established "Long-Distance Medical Treatment System " with the Cheng Kung University Hospital, 811 Military Hospital in Penghu, 821 Military Hospital in Matsu, 820 Military Hospital in Kinmen, Tri-Service General Hospital in Taipei, and the General Veteran's Hospital in Taipei. This System calls for these hospitals to station outstanding medical doctors on the off-shore islands to offer long-term medical support. In addition, chronic disease treatment centers are established in 802 Military Hospital in Kaohsiung, 803 Military Hospital in Taichung, and 804 Military Hospital in Taoyuan respectively, to offer medical treatment to those who are suffering from chronic diseases and mental illness. ## 3. Offering The Same Medicine In order to let civilians share military medical treatment and medical resources with military personnel, various military hospitals have opened clinics for civilians, and have used the same kind of medicine as civilian hospitals do. In March, 1997, MND openly invited businessmen to bid for more than 2,500 items of medicine, and 1,900 items of which have been decided. Starting from June 1, 1997, military hospitals have begun to use such medicine in accordance with the regulation of the National Health Bureau of the Central Government. ## Ii . Improving Living Environment Of Military Personnel 1. Renovating Facilities In Barracks Starting from 1967, the Armed Forces have begun to renovate barracks, and only 70% have so far been completed due to lack of fund. In order to raise living standard and shorten the gap of living environment between soldiers and civilians, MND revised regulations in June, 1997, and integrated living, recreational, athletic, and environmental protection facilities into the renovation of barracks. Unused and small, scattered barracks are either torn down or integrated to expedite renovation of barracks. ## 2. Providing More Recreational Facilities To improve living quality and help to reduce work pressure, 602 Karaoke centers, 165 large-sized TV centers, 10 large recreational centers, 6 enlisted men recreational centers, and 166 video cassette supply centers have been established and opened for officers and men. Recreational facilities are also provided to company-level units, 1998 National Defense Report independent squads, and sentries. ![183_image_0.png](183_image_0.png) Newly-constructed barracks in Da-nai military camps ## 3. Making Barracks Green In coordination with the implementation of the "Plan for National Forestation Campaign," sponsored by the central government's Agricultural Development Committee, the Armed Forces planted 221, 875 trees of various kinds over a total area of 199, 6875 hectares in 1996 and 1997 respectively. Such work is still continued now. ![184_image_0.png](184_image_0.png) Important National Defense Programming Newly-built dormitories in Da-nai military camps ッ 154 1998 National Defense Report : : and the comments of the contribution . 11.000 and and the comments of and the comments of the - 1988 - 1 # Perfecting National Defense Regulations ## I. Revising Defense Regulations "To do business in accordance with the Law" is the basic principle for a democratic country. The objective of MND is to actively review and revise national defense regulations in order to meet actual needs, protect people's rights, and follow the requirements of social development, From January, 1996 to December, 1997, 19 regulations have been formulated, 26 regulations have been revised, and 5 regulations have been repealed. (See Table 4-1)Right now, the MND maintains 191 national defense regulations. ## Ii . Important Regulations Being Revised Or Formulated 1. National Defense Organization Law The "National Defense Law" is the fundamental law of R.O.C. defense development. It contains national structure and functions of of various governmental departments which affect people's rights and obligations greatly. Formulation of this law must take into account the national situation, structures of the central government stipulated by the constitution, the geographic condition, # 1998 National Defense Report And External Threat Of Force. | Table 4-1 | The Achievements of Defense Laws Amended in 1996 and 1997 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Education of preventing children and teenagers from doing sexual intercourse | | | Regulation of forced landing on air bases by civil and military airplanes of ROC and | | | forcien countries. | | | Regulation of military cemeteries and pagodas for storing ashes of the dead. | | | Regulation of rebuilding deteriorated military dependents quarters. | | | Rule for selection, training, and service of college reserve officers. | | | Regulation of stopping paying pensions to officers and men who have become public | | | servants after retirememt. | | | Regulation of military service by officers and NCOs of the Army. Navy, and Air Force. | | | Regulation of controlling flight and navigational-aid used by ROC and foreign airplanes | | | during military emergency situation. | | | Regulation of paying pensions and other allowances to retired officers and NCOs. | | | . | Regulation of alloting sizes of new houses for military dependents. | | Enaction | Criterion of increasing basic numbers of bereavement fund for bereaved families. | | Rule of managing the rebuilding fund of deteriorated military dependents quarters. | | | Requlation of selling military items. | | | Rule of paying bereavement fund to military school students. | | | Rule of managing the rebuilding fund of deteriorated military barracks. | | | Regulation of paying bereavement or consolation fund to those families whose members | | | had been killed fighting the communists on the China mainland in late 1940s or those | | | who came back to Taiwan from that war. | | | Regulation of defense mobilization. | | | Regulation of controlling poisonous chemical material of military organizations. | | | Detailed rule for the enforcement of act for settlement of bestowal of farmland to | | | warfighters. | | | Provision of Construction of deteriorated military dependents quarters by private | | | construction companies. | | | Rule for control and application of disbursement of the military/commercial dual | | | technology development fund. | | | Regulation of handling military dependents functions. | | | Regulation of rewards for the Army. Navy. and Air Force. | | | Management rule for personal effects left by active duty servicemen without inheritors. | | | Regulation of military transportation by railway. | | | Rule of high interest saving of pension and other allowances of retired servicemen. | | | Rule for air/sea security control and ammunition disposal for armed forces live-fire | | | exercises | | | Regulation of issuing certificate of loyalty to servicemen who have been killed. | | | Rule of promotion of privates of the armed forces. | | | Criterion of physical condition classification of eligible recruits. | | | Regulation of mailing or delivering important and classified documents. | | | Amendments | Rule of issuing reward payment to servicemen in combat. | | Regulation of registration and issuing of vehicle licences of the armed forces. | | | Rule for misfortune relief measurement applied to appointed/hired personnel in the | | | armed forces | | | Rule of defining classified military documents. Provision of issuing bereavement fund of the armed forces. | | | Detailed rule for the enforcement of act for settlement of bestowal of farm land ot | | | warfighters. | | | Methods of assisting governmental and private factories to produce military items. | | | Iniplementation rule of provision of issuing bereavement fund of the armed forces | | | (Article 14 was amended on April 25, 1997) | | | Rule of physical condition classification of the servicemen. | | | Rule of performing military service by standing army personnel and replacements. | | | Rule of military uniform. | | | Criterion of issuing comfort fund to those servicemen who are exposed to danger. | | | Regulation of issuing special bereavement fund to families of servicemen who are | | | extremely loyal to the country. | | | Abolition | Criterion of issuing consolation fund to servicemen who have done meritorious service to | | the country. | | | Regulation of issuing pension to retired officers and NCOs. | | | Rule of census-taking of servicemen on active duty. | | Important National Defense Programming 157 Early in 1950, MND started to review the "National Defense Law" and worked out the "National Defense Organization Draft Law" and the "National Defense Organization Revision Draft law", in 1952 and 1954 respectively, and submitted them to the Executive Yuan (the cabinet), which sent them to the Legislative Yuan for review. However, this legal process was not completed due to unknown reasons. Later in 1971, the Executive Yuan asked the Legislative Yuan's agreement to withdraw these two drafts and the latter did. Meanwhile, the " National Defense Ministry Organization Law Organization Law of the MND" were issued, which allowed the MND to carry out its functions without difficulties. Thus these two laws were not sent to the Legislative Yuan for review, but MND continued to constantly review these laws. In March, 1993, the Executive Yuan ordered MND to study and formulate the "National Defense Organization Law" with related departments together. MND immediately started to restudy and formulate this law with related persons and scholars, and submitted the draft of this law to the Executive Yuan in January, 1994, which, after reviewing, instructed MND to restudy this law in accordance with the trend of constitutional reform. Again, MND invited related persons, scholars, experts, and retired generals to study this law often by conducting case study. Many seminars have been held in order to make this law perfect. In July, 1997, the National Assembly completed the revision of the constitution. In compliance with the revised constitution, political requirements of a democracy, and military needs, MND completed the " National Defense Organization Draft Law " by referring to defense structures of advanced nations and reviewing in detail the operation of current national defense structure, and submitted it to the Executive Yuan on September 1, 1997. On December 31, 1997, the Executive Yuan asked the MND to formulate the draft of "National Defense Law" and the revised version of "National Defense Orgarization Law" at the same time for reviewing of the Legislative Yuan in accordance with the instruction of the President. However, "National Defense Law", which was drafted under the demand of the President, is similar to the previous " National Defense Organization Law " in their spirits and strutures, regardless the differences of the titles. Under this consideration, MND will follow the instructions of the President and the Exective Yuan to rename the "National Defense Organization Law"as "National Defense Law". MND will also propose the revised draft of "National Defense Organization Law" as soon as possible; then submit for reviewing of the Legislative Yuan after that. Our intention is to finish the legal process fast. ## 2. Court-Martial Jurisdiction Law In order to comply with the nation's legal development and make court-martial more legalized, MND established the "Court-Martial Jurisdiction Law Revision Committee" in June, 1994, inviting experts and scholars in the private sector and representatives from the Ministry of Justice to study revision of the "Court-Martial Jurisdiction Law." MND completed the draft law lately, and submitted it to the Executive Yuan. Main points of this draft are as follows: a. Military law organizations are shifted into the local system. The military Court and military procuratory will be established a citing each independently . b. Deleting the right of approval of a judgment and the right of ordering rediscussion by military commanders, and annul the right of detaining by military prosecutors. c. Add a special chapter of evidence; trial lawyers can be selected; and add the reasons of evasion of the judge and enlarge the scope of interlocutory appeal. d. e. Death sentence and extraordinary appeal will be handled by the supreme court. Adjust military judicial jurisdiction to handle military and civilian cases separately . ## 3. The Fort And Important Military Zone Law Following weapons modernization and the change of strategy and tactics of defense operations, MND has constantly lifted or loosened the control of the areas around forts and important military zones. However, based on regulations of the "The Fort and Important Military Zone Law," part of them are still under military control which affects local development and people's rights. At the end of 1996, an ad hoc team, composed of representatives of various related departments, was formed to study and revise this law. A draft Act has been completed and submitted to the Executive Yuan, which, in turn, just sent it to the Legislative Yuan for review. Main points are as follows a. Narrow the controlled area around important military zones. b. Loosen control matters and standard. с. Lift the ban of forbidding people to live in the controlled areas. d. Add articles on decreasing or exemption of inheritance tax, giving tax, and land added value tax for people who live in the controlled areas. Agree to conduct limited overall development in e. the controlled areas. ## 4. Revising "Armed Forces Criminal Law" The "Armed Forces Criminal Law" has been used for more than 60 years since it was promulgated in 1929. In order to meet actual needs, strengthen military discipline, maintain effective combat capability, and protect human rights, MND asked the Criminal Law Study Center of the National Political University to make a comparative study of military criminal laws of major nations of the world, which was completed in August, 1996. In addition, MND has also established the " Armed Forces Criminal Law Revision Committee, " which is scheduled to complete the revision Important National Defense Programming 161 draft in June, 1999. 5. ## Provisions Of Military Education Military education is the foundation of military buildup. Ever since the Republic of China was founded, the government has established various kinds of military schools. Nowadays, students are awarded degrees just like civilian schools do. However, no special law governing military schools has been formulated so far. As the nature and objective of military schools are different from civilian schools, current regulations of education can not be applied to military schools. In view of this, MND has formulated "The Provisions of Military Education." MND hopes that it can be passed by the Legislative Yuan, becomes the legal basis, and be included into the whole national education system . . ... 162 : 上一篇: 11 11 11 서 부산 대 11 11 11 1988년 1월 1 and the comments of 11. 11. 11. . . i 1000 .. # Refining Structure Of The Armed Forces ## I . Concept Organization of the Armed Forces is the foundation of developing combat power . In order to meet various needs of conducting defensive operations, MND has, starting from July, 1993, been carrying out its "Ten Year Military Force Objective Program. " Up to now, total number of the Armed Forces has been reduced from 498, 000 to 451,000 (a total of 47,000 has been reduced, and the rate is 9.34%). Thus, the reduction objective of the first phase has been reached. Later, this program has been renamed "Armed Forces Restructuring Program." Synopsis of this program is as follows: ## 1. Factors Considered a. Enemy Threat In recent years, Mainland China continues to increase its defense budget, modernize its weapons, enhance training of missile attack and three-dimensional assault, and actively organize its rapid response force. This clearly indicates that Mainland China intends to invade Taiwan. This seriously threatens the security of Taiwan. b. ## Mission Adjustment In compliance with the national objective of "Achieving National Reunification by Peaceful and Democratic Means," the overall strategic concept of ROC Armed Forces has been changed to "strong defensive posture and effective deterrence. " Therefore, organizations that are offensive in nature must be adjusted. c. National Defense Resources In recent years, the rate of defense budget to the government budget is gradually decreasing, but personnel maintenance expense is increasing as the result of annual pay raise, which affects the operational maintenance fund as well as military investment fund. Such a situation will make defense budget difficult to meet requirements of military build-up and combat readiness if no effective measure is taken. On the other hand, MND will definitely carry out reduction of forces, and the expense saved by reducing personnel will be used to build a small but powerful and modern force. ## 2. Purpose Of The Program a. Reduce and integrate high-level organizations and simplify operational procedures, so that administrative efficiency can be increased. b. Adjust force structure to meet the needs of introducing new weapons. Based on operational requirements, a modern and professional force will Important National Defense Programming 165 c. be established in order to increase command speed and combat efficiency. Thoroughly carry out the policy of "reducing highlevels and consolidating basic levels." A reasonable rate between officers and NCOs will be established to facilitate career development of voluntary officers and NCOS. ## 3. Main Points Of The Program a. Adjustment of High-level Organizations (1) Define missions definitely. The General Staff is responsible for formulating policies and commanding joint operations, while service headquarters are in charge of planning, force build-up, combat readiness, training, and logistics . Reduce and integrate staff units, eliminate (2) of functions, and simplify redundancy functions. (3) Adopt a "joint logistics" system: Headquarters of the Combined Service Forces is responsible for "general purpose" logistics, while service headquarters are in charge of their "exclusive" and "troop" logistics. ## B. Adjustment of Force Structure Based on general and forward-looking (1) considerations, both the combat and service force structures will be adjusted in compliance with the results of operational exercises and conclusions of war-gaming simulation as well ## 1998 National Defense Report 4. Features Of The Program as various needs of combat forces. Modernize weapons and equipment and establish information and electronic warfare capacity in order to meet needs of future war. (2) Reduce high-levels and enhance basic-levels. Mainly reduce administrative and service units of command organizations; the reduced manpower will be used to enhance basic levels of troops in order to solve the problem of under-strength existing before. a. Reduce number of personnel but enhance combat capabilities. Actively modernize weapons and equipment in compensation for less manpower in order to get more fire-power and mobility. Evaluation results indicate that combat power and efficiency of various units will be greater after adjusting force structure and organizational patterns. b. Adjust organizations based on functions. Adjustment of organizations and strength are conducted in accordance with the criterion of manpower evaluation and functions of various units, so that all of them will be able to achieve their missions. c. d. Control the progress of reduction and emphasize efficiency. MND and service headquarters will conduct the reduction program simultaneously and check the process and progress periodically in order Important National Defense Programmin to speed the program. e. Protect rights and conduct reduction pro Reduction is mainly aimed at high-levels. In we to maintain morale and minimize impact, natural digestion will be adopted by the following patterns: vacancies left by personnel reassignment and retirement will not be filled; assistance will be given to retired personnel for reemployment; and retirement will be encouraged. Special units will be set up to protect rights and benefits of those who will retire or be re-assigned. f. Maintain flexibility and keep adjusting. Plans and programs will inevitably be affected by uncertain factors. In order to carry out the reduction program smoothly and effectively, "the whole process will be divided into different phases. And before each phase ends, review will be conducted according to experiments of organizations and equipment, and changes will be made accordingly. ## Ii . Execution "The Armed Forces Restructuring Program" has been carried out in three phases from July, 1997. Now, preliminary tables of organization and equipment of various basic strategic units (Note 9) have been completed and the test and evaluation phase will soon begin. The whole reduction program is scheduled to be completed in FY 2001 (two years earlier than originally planned ) . When it is completed, the strength of ROC Armed Forces will be reduced from the present 451,000 to about 400,000 persons (reduction rate is 11.6%). ![199_image_0.png](199_image_0.png) Line-up of the lst Mirage 2000-5 squadron ![199_image_1.png](199_image_1.png) Line-up of the French Lafayette-class frigates ![200_image_0.png](200_image_0.png) Line-up of the Army Air Caralry Brigade ## Note: 9. A basic strategic unit is composed of several branches of the same service, which also owns command and logistics support capabilities, and can fight independently, so as to achieve its assigned strategic mission. Organization of such a unit is different in various countries. For example, in the army, corps may be a basic strategic unit in some countries, while division or brigade may be a basic strategic unit in other countries; in the navy, a fleet which is composed of more than two squadrons and fights under unified command may be a basic strategic unit; and in the air force, organization is not fixed - a force which has great speed, can fly in very high altitude, and has long-range combat capability is considered to be a basic strategic unit. An air force basic strategic unit is different from those in the army and navy both in combat pattern and process. 1998 National Defense Report 170 - 1 - 1 - 1 11 11 11 11 1 . - - - - - - - 1 . . : and 11 11 11 11 # Strengthening The Basic Levels Of Troops ## I . Improving Leadership In The Basic Levels Strengthening the basic levels of troops is the key factor to refine the Armed Forces and achieve combat readiness. The strengthening is being conducted by improving school education, career control, and internal management. Concrete measures are listed in the following. ## 1. Cadre (School) Education a. Reprogram curricula concerning command & leadership, education, and internal management in coordination with student honor system, seminar system, community activities, cadre assistance system, and psychological consultation so as to increase management capability, skills, and faith in the basic levels (company levels). b. c. Conduct field trips to improve training, combatreadiness, command & leadership, and practical management experiences. Extend ROTC training (basic training 9 weeks, field trip 3 weeks, common knowledge education 4 weeks, specialty and professional education 4-21 weeks, and pre-assignment education 12 weeks ) . Curricula will be reprogrammed and improved, and ## 171 1998 National Defense Report 172 Career Control 2. 3. Internal Management Refining Conscription Functions Ii . Revising The "Criterion Of Physical Condition Classification For Eligible Recruits" 1. the number of candidates who pass the examination will be increased. Extend the practice time in basic levels for combat officers to enable them to assist and support officers in the basic level after being promoted to field officers. a. b. Conduct evaluation and aptitude test and program command as well as staff functions in the basic level for them to practice based on their MOS and willingness. Formulate definite regulations for managing male and female officers and men. a. Conduct surprise inspection instead of periodical inspection to strengthen control. b. Both the Ministry of Interior and MND have jointly revised the "Criterion of Physical Condition Classification for Eligible Recruits, ""Criterion of Physical Condition Classification for Soldiers of the Armed Forces, " and "Configuration of Normal and Eligible Recruits," so that all eligible recruits, whatever their configuration, will be drafted into the military. They will be trained in accordance with the reprogrammed curricula. After the completion of training, they will be assigned to non combat units to perform administrative and logistical functions. Up to June 10, 1996, a total of 1,075 persons have been trained and assigned to different units with good effectiveness. However, MND has revised the "Criterion of Physical Condition for Eligible Recruits." Starting from January 1, 1998, men whose height is over 195mm or below 156mm have to serve in the national guard, which is different from before. Those who are now serving in the Army will be discharged according to the law . ## 2. Extending Recurits Physical Check-Up Period Extend recruits physical check-up period from 15 days to 30 days to make sure that those who are physically unable to serve in the military will be eliminated. On June 3, 1996, MND started to check the whole Armed Forces to see if there are any persons who are physically unfit to serve in the military continuously. Those who are physically unfit are sent to the 4th echelon (or above) military hospitals for recheck or medical treatment. A total of 4,213 soldiers have either been eliminated from the military force or sent back to their original units after being treated in military hospitals. (See Table 4-2) ## 3. Implementing Lot-Drawing Strictly Finishing basic training, trainees of compulsory military service will draw lot, based on their specialty, to determine what units they are going to serve. Under no circumstances should they refuse to report to the units determined by lot-drawing. In addition, in order to effectively use their specialties, various units can select the trainees two to three times the number than they actually need, and then through lot-drawing to select the trainees they need in order to make this operation fair, just, and ореп. | Classification | Number | |---------------------------------------------------|----------| | Discharged from service | 1,842 | | Discharged from schools | 752 | | Discharged on account of illness | 2,141 | | Receiving medical treatmant without work | 221 | | Treated in hospitals | 112 | | Returning to orginal unit after recovery or being | 546 | | observed in orginal units | | | Total | 5,614 | Table 4-2 Disposal of Disabled Recruits in Recent Years ## 4. Assigning Recruits To Areas Of Their Domicilliary Register In compliance with social requirements, mobilization difficulties, and family support to the recruits, MND is now studying and trying to assign recruits to units stationed within the area of their domiciliary register. Priority is given to those with a poor family and "those whose brothers are drafted and assigned to off-shore islands. " As a result, more and more recruits are assigned to units within the area of their domiciliary register ( 68.1% for the Army ) . However, many problems have yet to be solved due to 174 Important National Defense Programming 175 specialty requirements. ## Ii . Enhancing Education Of Military Laws The purpose of teaching military laws is to ensure that officers and men understand and observe military laws, improve their sense of morality, strengthen discipline, and enhance combat capability. In the first week of basic training, military training centers provide 6 hours of military laws instruction to recruits. Those officers and men on active duty and military employees receive lessons of military laws in their respective units. Judge advocates are sent to various units to teach military laws by way of television shows, asking law questions with awards, speechmaking contests, essay-writing, and so on. Although military law education can not prevent soldiers from violating laws, it is the most direct way of preventing crime from happening. It is hoped that various kinds of crime can be prevented by effective implementation of teaching military laws. ## Iv . Implementing Rational Management And Education Most officers and men in the basic levels have a sense of responsibility and observing discipline, However, part of them often violate laws on account of many factors, such as being juvenile delinquencies before being drafted (see table 4-3), poor family education, emotional implications, inexperienced leaders and commanders, and so on. In view of this, MND formulated the "Management and Education Practice in the Basic Levels of the Armed Forces" in 1995 by asking opinions of major cadres of the Armed Forces, retired servicemen, people's representatives, experts, and scholars and use these opinions as the bases of discplines from July, 1996. Main points are as follows: Table 4-3 Rate of Recommitting Crimes in 1996 and 1997 by Those Recuits Who Already Had Criminal Records Before Being Drafted | Number of Those Who | Rate of | | | |-----------------------------------------------|------------------|--------------|-------| | Number of | | | | | Year | have Recommitted | Recommitting | | | Recruits | Crimes | Crimes | | | 1996 | 16,164 | 1,412 | 8.74% | | 1997 | 10,279 | 895 | 8.71% | | Remarks: | In 1997, the most frequently committed crises among all crimes is "running away" with a total | | | | 103 person; the last is "violating control pr | | | | | of anaesthetic medicine " | with | a total | | | persons. | | | | 1. Leaders in various level must content troop management according to their lawful command rights. 2. 3. Define concrete management measures. Establish "Evaluation System " to evaluate punishment openly. 4. Define management discipline in order to correct improper acts by leaders. 176 Since its implementation, improper management and bullying of new comers by senior soldiers have been greatly. improved. It is estimated that 219 cases of improper management in 1996 have been reduced to 171 in 1997; and 113 cases in the first half of 1997 have been reduced to 58 in the second half of 1997. ## V . Assistance For Psychological Hygiene As society is changing and economic development is quickening, part of the officers and soldiers are not adept to strictly-disciplined military life. As a result, violation of laws often occur, even including self-damage cases. Therefore, in early 1996, MND asked experts and scholars to offer their comments on how to prevent self-damage in the Armed Forces from happening. MND also plans to increase the number of psychological hygiene assistants to 239 (with the authorized rank up to full colonel). Furthermore, MND also plans to establish Psychological Hygiene Centers in northern, central, and southern Taiwan, Hualien, Penghu, and on the off-shore islands of Kinmen and Matsu respectively, to provide psychological advice to officers and men. Still, psychological assistance training is being conducted to cadres above company level, so that everyone can get psychological assistance. In addition, "Military Service Guide" is compiled and issued to recruits before they are drafted, so they will understand the Armed Forces correctly. Furthermore, experts and scholars are invited to give lectures to chief assistants in company levels on psychological assistance to foster them as the frontline of counseling to enlisted men. In 1996 and 1997, a total of 104,868 persons have been given psychological assistance by various psychological hygiene centers, and self-damage cases have been reduced to 28 in 1997 from 32 cases in 1996. ## Vi. Prevention Of Casualties In Peacetime Accidental casualty not only causes loss of visible strength of the Armed Forces but also greatly affects morale and relations between the military and civilians. For the purpose of preventing accidental casualties from happening and for ensuring safety, MND developed and issued the "Concrete Measures of Preventing Casualties and Violation of Laws" on July 1,1997, and ordered all the Armed Force to thoroughly carry out this regulation. Main points of this regulation are as follows: 1. Emphasize measures of preventing dangerous situations from happening; prepare safety regulations; carry out discipline education thoroughly; and deal with crisis management properly . 2. Enhance effectiveness of sentries and sentinels; prevent soldiers from not returning to their units after their leave is overdue; and encourage soldiers to report to their units when they commit any crime. 3. Conduct safety checks frequently; eliminate dead angles of danger; perfect safety assistance network; and carry out safety assistance right on the spot. Conduct strict control on vehicles; improve drivers' 4. capabilities; keep drivers' driving licences by their units when not driving; and prevent drivers from driving too fast . It is estimated that in 1996 and 1997, casualties caused outside of military barracks tops all casualties of the whole Armed Forces. Among these, driving private cars and motorcycles have caused the most serious death. It is hoped that families should advise their draftees to drive carefully when they are on vacation. ## Vi . Strengthening Contact With Families Of Soldiers Contact with families is an important task of the Armed Forces. As soon as men are drafted into the Army, the sponsoring units immediately brief them and their families on their benefits and rights. After they are sent to troops, their respective units call their families in three days. When they are on leave, their units send letters to their families, telling their families names of their units, their work, and contact methods. In addition, " Friends of Military Personnel Clubs" and "Military Personnel Service Centers" everywhere also contact their families and provide assistance and services. (See Table 4-4) | Relief | Contact & | Service | by | Management | Mediation of | |----------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|--------------|----------------| | (Family) | Visit | Telephone | & Education | Disputes & | | | Classification | (Family) | (Case) | (Case) | Lawsuits | | | | (Case) | | | | | | 1996 | 15.690 | 130,335 | 1,063 | 246 | 102 | | 1997 | 14,852 | 79,742 | 1.067 | 177 | 95 | | Total | 30,542 | 210,077 | 2,130 | 423 | 197 | Table 4-4 Service Results for Military Dependents in 1996 & 1997 ## W. Enhancing Anti-Drug Measures According to estimation made by the National Health Administration in 1996, a total of 6,645 young people (age ranging from 18 to 24)has been found violating anti-drug laws, and 25% of them are found being addicted in drugs. These young people are causing problems after they have been drafted into the Armed Forces. In order to get rid of this situation, MND has instructed various units to launch the anti-drug campaign by means of military law lectures and " Ju-Kuang Patriotism Education Program. " Furthermore, anti-drug promotion committees have been established at division level and above to manage anti-drug . activities. Also, 12 "Seminars on Sanitation" have been set up to educate those who have previous records of drug usage or drug trafficking. It is estimated that up to the end of 1997, a total of 11,954 recruits have confessed that they have previous records of drug usage or drug trafficking, most of them are amphetamine addicts. After they are drafted into the Armed Forces, a total of 312 persons are drug addicts after they have gone through anti-drug education, and the rate is only 2.61%. It is evident that anti-drug education conducted in the a Armed Forces is very effective. # Strengthening Military Education ## I . Defining Professional Military Education System As the 2nd generation of weapons is operational and "The Armed Force Organization and Strength Adjustment Program" is being carried out, ROC Armed Forces tend to develop toward "Professionalism." In the past, curricula of various military schools and colleges have been designed to cover a wide-range of subjects. Such a situation has made the students learn so many subjects that they did not master any, which affects modernization for lack of professionalism . After deliberate consideration and review , MND decided to reduce common subjects and increase professional ones. Based on mission and characteristics of military schools, separate cadre development, " Armed Forces Organization and strength Adjustment Program," and requirements of defensive operations, MND has consolidated professional military education into the following four categories: political warfare, personnel, intelligence, and logistics, with the aim of stressing professionalism and improving quality of professional military education. The separate cadre career development program is designed to give cadres an opportunity to develop their career along two channels instead of just one like they did before : the command channel and the staff channel. On the command channel (most cadres have developed their career in the past), a cadre can start his career from the company commander, battalion commander, brigade commander, all the way up to the position of chief or deputy chief of a department with the rank of lieutenant general. On the staff channel, a cadre can start his career from the position of chief of a unit equal to a company all the way up to the position of chief of a professional department with the rank of lieutenant general. A cadre's willingness, attitude, schooling, specialty, and experience are of course, required as he goes higher and higher along this channel. ## Ii . Integration Of Military Academies For the purpose of facilitating concentration of educational resources and improvement of quality of education, MND in 1994 consolidated various logistics courses and schools into one logistics school, and integrated 31 other military academies and schools into 24 and one training center. In order to further consolidate educational resources and meet the requirements of Armed Forces reduction, MND plans to further reduce the 24 military academies and schools to 20. Departments in various military schools not much related to military will be closed . Fund saved by reducing personnel will be used to improve education . ## Iii . Restructure Of Army Nco Schools 182 In FY 1999, Army NCO schools will be restructured into "composite senior high schools. " Curricula will be designed to be diverse and flexible, so that students can select special courses they like. Assistance will be provided to students to select a set a complete courses whose contents are mainly connected with NCO specialties in various branch schools. This will enable students to get class C certificates of techniques before graduating. (See Table 4-5) Table 4-5 Courses and Certificate Types of Army NCO Schools | | Type of Certificate | | | |----------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------| | Courses | Branches Applied | | | | infantry. | artillery, | armored, | | | Chemical Engineering | chemical engineering, ordnance | chemical, chemical engineering | | | sanitation | | | | | infantry, | artillery. | armored, | | | Architecture | mason, plaster, design, survey | | | | engineering | | | | | Airplane | ordnance | pliers user | | | infantry, | artillery, | armored, | | | Automobile | transportation, | ordnance, | automobile maintenance | | sanitation | | | | | Engineering | armored, | | | | infantry, artillery, | heavy mechanic maintenance | | | | Mechanics | infantry, | artillery, | armored, | | Mechanics | latheman pliers user | | | | ordnance | industry electronics instrument | | | | infantry, | artillery, | armored, | | | Electronics | electronics, digital electronics, | | | | signal, sanitation | video/audio electronics | | | ## Iv . Developing Instructional Software Development of doctrine has a far-reaching effect on military build-up and employment of forces; it is the primary work of developing software of military education. For the purpose of enhancing the function of doctrine development, MND has set up a special group in charge of doctrine and promoting information developing of education in order to save manpower and share educational resources. MND plans to: 1. ask the National Defense Management College to complete the design of educational administration information system in 1999, and develop common software to be used by military schools, which should list their requirement of computer hardware and software in their execution programs and try to get them year by year, and ask the Chung Shen Institute of Science and Technology to help all military schools establish administrative, academic, and military networks before the year 2000, and complete digital data of instruction in the year of 2001, which will be used by both teachers and the students. ## V . Promoting Academic Studies Academic studies are designed to foster studies, improve quality of education, and cultivate outstanding personnel. (See Table 4-6) Such outstanding officers will be able to understand the trend of war and master strategy and tactics, which will be used as the basis of conducting military build-up and training. In view of this, MND holds seminars every year, entrust private academic institute to hold seminars on national defense ( military ) and special topics (See Table 4-7), increase educational facilities, and improve academic study environment. 2. # Important National Defense Programming ## Table 4-6 Statistics of Achievements of Advanced Military Education in 1996 and 1997 | 1996 | 1997 | | | | | |-----------------------------|--------|-----------|--------|----|-------| | Classification | | Sub-total | | | | | At Home | Abroad | At Home | Abroad | | | | Strategic Education | 131 | 3 | 137 | రా | 276 | | Command and Staff Education | 777 | + | 765 | 6 | 1.552 | | Master Degree Education | 258 | 5 | 259 | 4 | 526 | | Doctor Degree Education | 135 | 2 | 141 | l | 279 | | Total | 1,301 | 14 | 1302 | 16 | 2,633 | | Grand Total | 1,315 | 1,318 | | | | Numbers shown in this table are participants not graduates. | Development of defense manpower resources | | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----| | Planning of framework and development of logistics information system | | | Study on self-damage and its prevention | | | Planning of defense management and high-level management education | | | Analysis of ROC defense budget structure | | | Policy of defense technology companies | | | Study on draft of military personnel's pay provision | | | Study on military personnel's rights and other related matters | | | Study on management and use of governmental land owned by the military | | | Study on ROC national defense organization by referring to national | | | defense organizations of other countries | | | Study on how to create favorable strategic situation for the ROC | | | Study on ROC civil defense system | | | Study on future development of ROC general mobilization system | by | | referring to mobilization systems of other nations | | | Study on the feasibility of establishing ROC Military Readiness Bureau by | | | referring to military readiness system of other countries | | | Study on planning of cadre's career development of ROC armed forces | | | Review on execution of PPBS | | | Comparision of military laws around the world | | | Current important task of national defense | | | Study on officers' selection, training, and employment in coordination | | | with their period of military service | | | Study on how to elevate reservists' mobilization capability under the | | | situation of reducing the standing army | | | Study on wartime military items production system of the private industry | | | How to strengthen national defense by establishing an effective civil | | | defense structure | | | Weapons and equipment development in the 21 century | | | Study on national defense education | | | Study on muster and training of reservists | | Note: ## Table 4-7 Defense Academic Studies In 1996 & 1997 186 - 11 - 11 11 - 1 - 1 - 1 - and - 2017-04-1 11 11 11 - - - - - - - 11 11 11 11 1000 # Strengthening Defensive Operations ## I . Enhancing C31 And Electronic Warfare Capabilities Time is the key to win victory in war. Particularly under the fact that Taiwan is separated from the communist controlled Mainland China by only a strip of water. For the purpose of gaining more early-warning time, MND is integrating various intelligence, observation, and detection systems in accordance with the reduction program, simplifying command and control levels, and actively electronic hard and software production increasing capacity, frequency spectrum technique, as well as electronic detection, electronic attack, and electronic protection capabilities so as to gain electronic warfare superiority . ## Ii . Improving Rapid Response Capability In order to prevent the enemy from launching surprise attack successfully, a rapid response force has been activated which will be deployed locally and employed under integrated command and mobility. Command capability will be gradually increased through yearly training and exercises. Evaluation shows that rapid response capability has been greatly enhanced to meet any - contingencies. ## Iii . Refining Military Training Training is the fundamental task for military build-up and achieving combat readiness, and it must comply with military policies and mission. At the present time, the main battlefield of ROC defensive operations has been changed to the Taiwan Strait, and so the focus of military training has been on island defense and defensive operations. For the purpose of ensuring safety, MND, in October, 1997, called a meeting attended by responsible officers of various training units to deeply review factors affecting training safety in the past two years. As a result, six measures have been devised to improve training safety. ## Iv . Conducting Military Exercises Military exercises are designed to test the adaptability and feasibility of operations plans and programs as well as advance operations skills of participants. They must be carried out without undue stop. In FY 1996 and 1997 respectively, a total of 164 of anti-landing, anti-airborne, anti-subversion, and service and joint operations exercises were conducted. Reviews of these exercises have been included in the training instructions of FY 1998 for reference. (See Table 4-8 for scheduled training in 1998) # Important National Defense Programming | Table 4-8 | Scheduled Important Training and Exercises in 1998 | | |----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------------| | Name | Nature | Scheduled Date | | Tzuchiang | Material mobilization | Jan .-Apr . | | Exercise | | | | Kancheng | War-gaming on local defense | Feb .- Apr. | | Exercise | operations | | | Chingshih | Command posts exercise | Jan .- Mar . | | Exercise | Air defense exercise covering Taiwan | | | Wanan Exercise | Apr .. May | | | & Penghu | | | | Chentung | War-gaming on local defense | Apr. -Jun . | | Exercise | operations | | | Lien yun 62 | Airborne troops exercise | Apr .- Jun . | | Exercise | | | | Lienhsing 78 | Amphibious troops exercise | Apr. -Jun . | | Exercise | | | | Tunghsin | Manpower mobilization | Apr .- Jun . | | Exercise | | | | Hankuang | Joint defensive operations | Apr.-Jun. | | Exercise | | | | Pengtung | War-gaming on local defense | June .- Aug. | | Exercise | operations | | | Chingtien | War-Gaming on local defense | July . - Sep. | | Exercise | operations | | | Dealing with nuclear power plant | | | | Hean Exercise | Aug. | | | disaster | | | | War-gaming on local defense | | | | Huashan Exercise | Oct .- Dec. | | | operations | | | | Lienhsing 79 | Amphibious troops exercise | Dec. | | Exercise | | | | Lienyun 63 | Airborne troops exercise | Dec. | | Exercise | | | Scheduled Important Training and Exercises in 1998 Table 4-8 189 ![221_image_0.png](221_image_0.png) Hankuang 13 exercise ![221_image_1.png](221_image_1.png) Hankuang 13 exercise # Protection Of Rights And Benefits Of Military Personnel ## I . Accelerating Rebuilding Of Old Dependents Quarters Since the start of rebuilding of old dependents quarters in 1980, a total of 162 communities of old dependents quarters have been rebuilt according to rebuilding plans, and 86 communities are being rebuilt or scheduled to be rebuilt. (See Table 4-9) Still a total of 543 communities can not be rebuilt currently due to problems of the land, fund, and willingness of dependents themselves. Therefore, MND formulated " The Regulation of Rebuilding Deteriorated Quarters for Military Dependents", which has been passed by the Legislative Yuan. It was formally carried out on February 5, 1996. "The Regulation of Rebuilding Deteriorated Quarters for Military Dependents" plans to build 161 communities (93,130 houses) in nine years. These houses will be cheaply sold to the original military dependents, illegal occupants registered by the government, and middle & low-income civilians. Land left over will be turned over to local governments for use of city development. (see Table 4-10) A Reconstruction Fund will be created by money earned by selling land. It not only does not increase financial burden to the central government but can also save more than NT $ 250,000,000,000 of which more than NT $ 150,000,000,000 will be used to help settle low-income people. When the whole reconstruction program is completed, nearly 100,000 civilians will be benefited in addition to military dependents. In order to ensure quality of construction; special and professional organizations have been set up, responsible for all affairs concerning the construction including design, plans, implementation of construction, monitoring, reception, and so on, so that all possible defaults can be avoided. Status of Rebuilding Deteriorated Military Dependents Table 4-9 Quarters | Classification | Completed | Being Rebuilt | Being Planned | Sub-total | | |-------------------|----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-------------|-----| | Joint rebuilding | 91 | 31 | 23 | 145 | | | Rebuilding of | | | | | | | original quarters | MND rebuilding | 71 | 16 | 17 | 104 | | (unit: | | | | | | | community) | 162 | 249 | | | | | Total | 47 | 40 | | | | | Built by local gov'ts & sold to | 27,253 | 12,852 | 3,039 | 43,144 | | | populate | | | | | | | Sold to | 21,050 | 6,721 | 3,188 | 30,959 | | | Building of | dependents | | | | | | apartments | | | | | | | (unit: house | Sold to those | | | | | | soldier who | 7,177 | 8,707 | 2,291 | 18,175 | | | haven't had | | | | | | | quarters before | | | | | | | Total | 55,480 | 28,280 | 8,518 | 92,278 | | | Total Size | Quarters Rebuilding | 533 Hectares | |------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------| | Item | Public Facilities | 365 Hectares | | Non-Residential Area | 182 Hectares | | | City Development Planning | 472 Hectares | 30% | | Remarks: | Public facilities include 43 schools, 78 parks, 16 markets, 13 | | | parking lots, and 301 roads. | | | Planned Use of Land Left by Removal of Table 4-10 Military Dependents Quarters Since the implementation of " The Regulation of Rebuilding Deterioated Quarters for Military Dependents," a total of 5 communities (854 households) in Taipei County has been resettled. Meanwhile, contracts have been signed to rebuild houses for military dependents living in Taipei City, Taoyuan County, and other counties. When completed, a total of 16,611 households of old military dependents, communities in 11 cities and counties will be resettled. In order to shorten the rebuilding period and create investment opportunities for the public sector, a regulation of encouraging private companies to participate in the rebuilding had been ratified by the Executive Yuan and was carried out on November 25, 1997. ## 1998 National Defense Report ![225_Image_0.Png](225_Image_0.Png) Newly-built dependents quarters ![225_image_1.png](225_image_1.png) Newly-built dependent quarters ## 194 Raising Pension Ii . Starting from January 1, 1997, volunteer officers' and men's pension-payment have been included in the "Management Committee of Retirement Pension for Civil Servants." In addition to doubling the basic number of pension (each basic number is the number of a monthly pay), parents or spouses of those who have died on official duty, or parents whose only son has died accidentally or of illness, or spouses who do not have sons, will receive pension as long as they live; children of the dead will receive pension until they are 20 years old or they have graduated from college; and the bereaved families of those who have died on active duty for more than 20 years will receive half of the basic number of pension as long as they live. ## Ii . Gaining Continued Preferential Treatment For Soldiers And Their Dependents In order to continue to gain preferential treatment, MND has formulated " The Provision of Preferential Treatment for Soldiers and Their Dependents, " so that soldiers can continue to be exempt from tax and their dependents cna enjoy preferential treatment for public utility. (See Table 4-11) Comparison of Allowances Between Government Table 4-11 Employees, Policemen, and Soldiers | Governemnt | | | | |-------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------|--------------------| | Classification | Policemen | Soldiers | | | Employces | | | | | Working overtime | None | | | | One hour allowance monthly pay divided by 240; Daily maximum hours: 4; 30 days a month | | | | | allowance | | | | | No leave allowance | A maximum of 30 days in a year | None | | | Travelling abroad only one time in a year. NT $ | | | | | Subsidy for travelling | None | | | | 8.000; travelling within country two times in a | For voluntary | | | | Class A:NT | serviceman from N | | | | Class B'NT S | 1.120 to 1.720 | | | | vice allowance | None | Class C:NT $ | according to their | | | ranks | | | | NT& | 150 | per | | | On-duty allowance | None | maximum | hours | | month - 100 | | | | ## Iv . Increasing Pays In observance of regulations of the National Personnel Administration Bureau, MND regulates pays for military personnel as well as employees in the military and submit them to the Executive Yuan for approval. For the purpose of raising morale and encouraging officers and men to work on the off-shore islands, high mountains, or other remote areas, MND began to issue "local allowances" to those personnel working in the abovementioned places in July, 1991. Owing to restraint of defense budget, the scale of such allowance is far lower than that of civil servants. In 1996, MND raised such allowances to about 33% but are still far less than the civil servants. (Sec Table 4-12 ) MND will try to raise such allowances gradually. Special duty allowances are set and raised in terms of the degree of danger, difficulty and physical demand. For Important National Defense Programming 197 keeping senior outstanding pilots to fly new-generation fighters, flying allowances have been raised from 10% to 30%, other special allowances are also considered to be raised to improve living standard and raise morale of military personnel. | Area | Military Personnel Civilian Employees | | |------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------| | Kinmen, Matsu, Tungyin | 1,000-2,000 | 9,500 | | Tungshan, Tatan, Ertan, Wuchiu | 2,200-6,000 | 9,500 | | Naushan | 5,300-10,500 | 9,500 | | Penghu | 800-2,000 | 4,500-7,500 | | Mountains (1,000 meters above sea- | 700-2,500 | 1,000-8,000 | | level) | | | | Remote Areas ( At least 15 meters | None | 3,000-6,000 | | away from bus stop) | | | | Hualien, Taitung | None | 630 | Table 4-12 Criterion of Remote Area Allowances Remarks: 1. After serving each year, civilian employees get a 2% raise with a maximum of 30%, while military personnel do not enjoy such a raise. 2. Military personnel pay is classified by their ranks. 3. Local allowance of civilian employees is included in the " Yearly Rating Allowance. ## Gain Skills For Reemployment After V . Helping Retirement ## Civilian Specialties Training 1. a. Referring to national qualifications system, MND opens courses related to civilian specialties in military schools. Trainees of different schools will be awarded certificates of class B or C technicians or of credits. Such training enables military personnel to have a wider path along which to develop their career . ![229_image_0.png](229_image_0.png) Important National Defense Programming 199 b. The Vocational Training Bureau of the National Labor Commission has agreed to open its training facilities to military personnel on active duty to attend courses at night. Or, night vocational training courses are set up at field army and division levels for officers and men. Up to the end of 1997, a total of 2,377 persons have completed such training, and among them, 1,987 persons have passed qualifications test sponsored by the government; approved rate is 85% . ## 2. Vocational Assistance a. Pre-Retirement Vocational Training for colonels (Navy: captains) and Lieutenant colonels (Navy: commanders): In May, 1992, MND entrusted the National Industry Association and National Commerce Association to conduct vocational training four classes each year, each class lasting three months. After completing training, the two associations introduce trainees to factories for employment. At the end of 1997, 20 classes have been completed with a total of 3,334 persons ( industry classes: 1,598 persons; commerce classes: 1,736 persons). Vocational Techniques Training: Starting from June, 1991, MND has cooperated with the National Labor Commission to send volunteer officers and NCOs to government training agencies to receive vocational techniques training six months before retirement. Compulsory officers and men b. are required to register first three months before retirement. Then they will receive training after they have retired. At the end of 1997, a total of 8,000 persons have completed training. c. Business Management Training: In December, 1994, MND entrusted the National Small and Medium Enterprise Association to conduct business management training six weeks for each class. At the end of 1997, 10 classes with 900 trainees have completed training. d. Recommended Employment: MND recommends officers and men before retirement to companies in private sector for employment. From 1992 to now, a total of 72,000 persons have been recommended; the employment rate is 30% . ![231_image_0.png](231_image_0.png) Pre-retirement vocational training for Lt. Colonels & Colonels. ## 200 Taking Care Of Retired Personnel V. Issuing Pensions And Other Pays 1. In observance of regulations, MND issues pensions and other pays to those officers and men who retired after July 1, 1970 and whose seniority extends to June 30, 1995. Pensions and other pays are issued in three years. For those retired personnel who are single and 72 years old, pensions and other pays are issued to them just one time. It is estimated that there is a total of 496,582 persons who are qualified to get the above-mentioned pensions and other pays with the needed fund of about NT $ 70 billion. At the end of 1997, a total of 369,782 persons have completed the application process, and a total of NT $ 20,000,006,481 has been issued. Such issuance is still underway . Formulating "Regulation of Taking Care of Those Officers and Men Who are Stranded in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam and Their Dependents." 2. Draft regulation has been formulated pending approval by the Executive Yuan. It stipulates that MND will issue official papers to these persons who have been confirmed by the ROC Government. Then, they can apply for short or permanent stay in Taiwan, for living here forever, for employment, or for their children to go to school. Once they get settled down in Taiwan, they can apply for 1998 National Defense Report retirement certificate and enjoy veterans' privileges. Extending the Period of Applying for Compensation Fund in Exchange for Certificate of Farmland to be Bestowed to War Fighters. According to regulation, those who have been issued the certificate of land, no matter whether they are on active duty or retired, should apply for compensation fund before December 31, 1992. However, some of them have not applied for it on account of geographic or other restrictions within the prescribed time limit. In order to protect their rights and benefits, MND extended the requisition deadline to December 31, 1997. A total of 627,329 persons have applied for it or already got the fund, and a total of .NT $ 74,547,850,000 have been paid. 3. # Chapter 8 Contributing To Elevating National Competitiveness ## I . Helping Maintain Social Order ROC Armed Forces have, in the past, cooperated with the police department to conduct anti-smuggling, investigate cases of wrong doings, and help maintain social order. In 1996 and 1997, the Armed Forces successfully investigated 933 major criminal cases and captured 3,494 suspects, (1,322 mainland Chinese who tried to enter Taiwan illegally, 914.45 grams of drugs, and 754 guns.) (See Table 4-13) | Classification | 1996 | 1997 | Total | | |------------------|---------------|----------|---------|----------| | Persons | 1,149 | 1,023 | 2,172 | | | Fishing boats | 68 | 46 | 114 | | | Smuggling | Drugs | 404.35kg | 510.1kg | 914.45kg | | Guns | 372 | 382 | 754 | | | Illegal | Persons | 915 | 407 | 1,322 | | Immigrants | Fishing boats | 15 | 6 | 21 | Table 4-13 Statistics of Anti-Smuggling and Anti-Illegal Immigrants in 1996 and 1997 1998 National Defense Report ![235_image_0.png](235_image_0.png) Drugs captured by the Coast Guard ![235_image_1.png](235_image_1.png) Smuggled guns captured by Coast Guard ## Ii . Releasing Military Land Under the principle of not affecting combat mission and national security, MND has reviewed desolated military camps and gave the land to local governments for development . In 1996 and 1997, a total of 246 pieces of land have been given to local governments with a total area of 1039.1223 hectares. In order to coordinate with major constructions, such as building science parks, high-speed railway, freeway, and so on, MND has turned over a total of 37 pieces of land (427.0624 hectares) to the government . Furthermore, MND has also given 163 pieces of land (79.1896 hectares) to local governments for development. ## Ii . Developing General-Purpose And Technology MND is helping the industrial sector elevate technical skills, producing capacity, and planning to establish a system by which military techniques can be transferred to commercial use by using the facilities of the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology. In 1996 and 1997, MND helped the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications conduct 43 cases of technological research with a budget of NT $ 2,590,000,000. MND also helped other departments conduct 2,141 cases of technological research with a budget of NT $1,400,000,000. It will continue to do so to help 1998 National Defense Report national economic development. ## Iv . Opening Industrial Parks To Civilians In order to help the national program of turning Taiwan into the Asia-Pacific Operations Center, MND opened two industrial parks of the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology to private sector so as to jointly conduct creative research or manufacture hi-tec products. At the end of 1997, a total of 84 cases of technological transfer has been completed, 106 items of initial technology have been authorized to private companies. All in all, a total of more than 120 private companies have been greatly benefited by MND's assistance. In addition, MND also offered more than 1,128 cases of industrial service. In the future, MND plans to open another two industrial parks to civilians so as to accelerate defense technology transferrence and elevate domestic industrial level. ## V . Reorganizing The Original Aviation Development Center On July 1, 1996, MND reorganized the original Aviation Development Center of the Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology into the "Hanxiang Aviation Industrial Company, Ltd. " and turned it over to the Ministry of Economic Affairs with the intent of improving domestic airplane manufacturing techniques, attracting foreign investors, and increase production capacity. In 206 addition, the company will help to establish satellite factories for aviation industry in the country. Such a reorganization will certainly maximize investment and economic cost efficiency, which, in turn, will increase ROC competitiveness on the international scene. ## Vi . Releasing Telecommunication Frequencies In compliance with the national policy of developing Taiwan into the Asia-Pacific telecommunications center, MND released, in 1995 and 1996, AMPS mobile telephone system ( 825-845/970-890 MHZ ) , GSM mobile telephone system (890-915/935-960MHZ), ERMES wireless person-toperson telephone system (169.4125-169.8125 MHZ), radio relay 509.9500-512.9750/526.4500-529.4750/806-818/851-864 MHZ), CT-2 radio telephone system, 1616-1626.5MHZ, and DCS-1800 personal mobile telephone system ( 17101755/1805-1850 MHZ) frequencies for civilian use. ## Vi . Supporting Civil Aviation Transportation After opening the Sungshan, Shuinan, Chiayi, Tainan, Pingtung, Fengnien, Hualien, Makung, and Kinmen military airports for civil aviation, MND also opened the - Hsinchu military airport from Jan 1, 1998. MND also ordered the Air Force to reduce air traffic of military aircrafts to facilitate operation of civilian airplanes. MND is also considering the feasibility of opening the Hengchun and Yilan military airports to facilitate expansion of civil aviation terminals at Tainan, Chiayi, and Shuinan by Civil Aviation Bureau. : : . . PART FIVE THE ARMED FORCES AND THE PEOPLE , the consideration of the controlled 1. In order to appreciate the public opinion, MND holds a press conference on the morning of every Tuesday chaired by the military spokesman, and attended by representatives of various service headquarters since September 24, 1996. Address of "The Worldwide Web Site of the Ministry of National Defense, Republic of China " is: http:// www.mnd.gov.tw. MND welcomes any comments so that all the people could contribute their opinions to strengthen national defense security. In view of the change of environment and facilitating 2. overall economic development of the nation, MND continues to review and narrow the areas around forts. In 1996 and 1997, MND lifted fort control of 11 areas, for example, the Shamaoshan in Penghu, and also narrowed the areas around six forts. Total area being narrowed is about 2,319 hectares. 3. The purpose of restricting construction on military - controlled district is to develop effectiveness of weapons and equipment, and protect lives and properties of the people nearby. However, in consideration of people's rights and benefits as well as local development, MND always examines such restrictions and tries to ease them without affecting national security. In 1996 and 1997, the total area lifted or narrowed is 858.4 hectares. In order to convenient travels of the people and promote 4. local development, MND incorporates with MOI to reexamine and reduce the restricted area of the mountain and coastal region. Before the "ROC National SAR Agency" is established, the 5. Armed Forces are responsible for conducting disaster relief, and assisting in reconstruction immediately after disaster . In compliance with requests made by farmers, the Armed 6. Forces offer biannual assistance to farmers for harvesting, which has contributed greatly to prosperity of rural areas. Since the ROC government has carried out national health 7. insurance, it is no longer necessary for the Armed Forces to continue providing "volunteer medical treatment "for the public, and shifted it to support local governments to prevent contagious diseases from spreading as well as conduct emergent medical treatment. # Gaining Public Support ## I . Strengthening Liaison With The Congress The congress, composed of the National Assembly and the Legislative Yuan, is the highest organ of people's representatives. In order to realize public opinion and also let the representatives of the congress know the build-up and combat-readiness, and ask them to help solving problems between the military and the people, MND has enhanced liaison with these two organs. In 1996 and 1997 respectively, MND representatives attended 406 times of symposiums, public hearings, coordination meetings, and briefings conducted by legislators, handled 2314 cases of people's appealing, and received 147 proposals concerning national defense. All these have been included in the administrative affairs to be carried out by the MND. ## Ii. Making Defense Information Public 1. Holding Press Conferences In order to protect people's right of "knowing" and maintain the necessity of national defense security, MND often releases defense related news which concern the public most, or conduct briefings on military issues to domestic. and foreign reporters. For appreciating public opinion, MND holds a press conference on the morning of every Tuesday chaired by the military spokesman and attended by representatives of various service headquarters since September 24, 1996. They make detailed reports on . what the MND is doing and on defense issues which the people concern most. ![245_image_0.png](245_image_0.png) Press conference held by MND Statistics show that in 1996 and 1997, MND took the initiative in releasing 195 pieces of news, holding four temporary press conference, publishing 5 military news briefing, and holding 62 routine news conference. A total of 2,192 reporters attended the press conferences and a total of 1,910 pieces of news were reported or published by news media. These news are related to defense policies, military items procurement, direction of defensive operations, troop management, etc., which greatly contributed to make the public understand the work done by the MND. ## 2. Establishing Defense Information Network In compliance with the government's policy of establishing network, MND, on February 9, 1996, established " The Global Information network of the Ministry of National Defense, Republic of China" to put all non-classified defense information on the site concerning the contents of "National Defense Report, " medalawarding, global defense information, introduction of military schools, reserve officers training of college students, guide on military service, military news and services provided by military medical doctors. MND also plans to put the following items on the said site: military purchase, civil affairs service, and global information network established by various service headquarters. Address of "The Global Information Network of the Ministry of National Defense, Republic of China" is: http://www.mnd.gov.tw. MND welcomes comments so that all of us could contribute to strengthening defense security . ![247_image_0.png](247_image_0.png) ## Implementing Two-Way Communication MND values the importance of public opinion. However, because of different positions held, certain people are skeptical about the work of the MND. In order to let the public understand the decision-making process and its origin, MND actively participates in seminars sponsored by private organizations, and takes the initiative in holding meetings to communicate face to face with participants. Their comments will be taken as reference for improving MND plans and programs . In 1996 and 1997, MND held 21 seminars concerning rebuilding of deteriorated military dependents quarters, assignment of compulsory recruits, and site of "Patriot" missiles. The goneral public were very interested in attending the seminars, and some of their proposals have been included in the programs to be carried out later, and others are alse being studied carefully . ## Iv . Improving Relations Between The Military And Civilians In order to make the public understand the MND's effort in achieving military build-up and combat readiness, the effectiveness of defense budget, the work and living environment in the military, training and exercise, and equipping of new-generation weapons, MND, in 1996 and 1997, opened various military bases to the public for 952 times as well as conducted weapons exhibition. People from all walks of life visited the bases and watched the exhibition, and seminars were held for views exchanging. (See Table 5-1) ![249_image_0.png](249_image_0.png) Opening of military barracks ![249_image_1.png](249_image_1.png) Opening of military barracks # The Armed Forces And The People | Table 5-1 | Important Weapons Displays in 1996 & 1997 | | | | | |---------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|---------------------| | Category | Date | Place | Activity | Invitees | | | | Local people, | | | | | | AF Eastern Command, | organizations, school | | | | | | | 1 . Flying | | | | | | In | AF | teachers & students. | | | | | July 1, '96 - | formation | | | | | | Celebration of | Academy, Taoyuan. | and military | | | | | Aug.31,'96 | 2. Equipment | | | | | | AF Day | Taichung, & Pingtung | dependents; Morc | | | | | | display | | | | | | Airfields | than 100 people | | | | | | | watched the display. | | | | | | | 1 . Flying | 9,400 overseas | | | | | | formation | | | | | | Chiaotai | Oct. 12, '96 | AF Academy | 2. Equipment | Chinese, | | | Exercise | foreign guests, and | | | | | | | display | | | | | | | 3. Parachuting | reporters | | | | | | Combat | | | | | | | cruise, Combat | | | | | | Spring | skills exercise, | | | | | | Festival | visit | Fcb.6,'96 | Suao & Hualien Waters | and | About 100 reporters | | in 1996 | combat-power | | | | | | | display | | | | | | | 1. Naval | | | | | | "Know the | Kaohsinng, Hualien, | literature | | | | | Navy | Apr. 1, '96- | Suao, Keelung, | display | More than 400,000 | | | Circular | Apr 21, '96 | Makung, and | 2. Weapons | people | | | Display | Taichung harbors | &cquipment | | | | | | display | | | | | | Overseas | Weapons & | | | | | | Chinese | Jul.28,'96- | equipment | More | tban | 3,000 | | Youth | Corps | Tsoying Naval Base | display and | overseas Chinese | | | Aug. 22, '96 | | | | | | | Visit | honor guard | youth | | | | | | performance | 159 legislators, | | | | | | Weapons, | Control Yuan | | | | | F-16 a/c | May 17, '97 | equipment. & | members, national | | | | Display | Chiayi Air Base | performance | assemblymen, local | | | | | display | dignitaries, & | | | | | | reporters | | | | | | | 259 legislators, | | | | | | French | Weapons. | Control Yuan | | | | | Jun. 2, '97 | equipment & | | | | | | Mirage 2000-5 a/c Display | Hsinchu Air Base | members, local | | | | | | performance | dignitaries, and | | | | | | display | reporters | | | | | | New weapons & | | | | | | Taiwan | Air | Base, | | | | | Hankuang | equipment | | | | | | Jun . 23,'97- | Tsoying Naval Base, & | Number of | people | | | | Exercise | display and | | | | | | Jun. 24, '97 | Joint Training | not known | | | | | No. 13 | firing demons- | | | | | | Bast | tration | | | | | | | Weapons & | People's represen | | | | | In celebration | equipment & | -tatives, total | | | | | Aug.14'97 | Hsincbu AB Chiayi AB | | | | | | of AF Day | parformance | dignitaries & | | | | | | display | reporters: 8,000 | | | | | | Weapons & | 600 People's | | | | | F-16% | equipment & | | | | | | Oct . 4'97 | Chiayi AB | | | | | | Display | performance | representatives, local | | | | | | display | dignitaries, reporters | | | | | | Weapons & | | | | | | French | 600 people's | | | | | | Mirage 2000-5 | Oct . 19'97 | Hsinchu AB | equipment & | representatives, local | | | | performance | | | | | | a/c display | dignitaries & | | | | | | | display | reporters | | | | the consideration of the comments of : : 11 11 11 11 and the comments of . 11 11 11 ﺮ and the comments # Respecting People'S Rights ## I . Narrowing The Areas Around Forts In view of the change of social environment and facilitating overall economic development and security of the nation, MND continues to review and narrow the areas around forts. In 1996 and 1997, MND lifted control of 10 areas around the following forts: Shamaoshan in Penghu, Chimuwu, No.18 high land at Sokang, NO.13&30 high land at Shanshui, NO.17 high land at Wukan, Liangwen Harbor, Hsuchiushan in Keelung City, Patoutsi, and Panpingshan in Kaohsiung City. MND also narrowed the areas around six forts. Total area being narrowed is 2,319 hectares. ## Ii . Easing Construction On Military-Controlled Land The purpose of restricting construction on militarycontrolled land is to develop effectiveness of weapons and equipment and protect lives and properties of the people nearby. However, in consideration of people's rights and benefits as well as local development, MND examines such restrictions from time to time and tries to ease them without affecting security . In 1996 and 1997, MND lifted one controlled area in Chiayi City, and narrowed the size of some controlled areas located in "Wuchuan Village, Tayuan Hsiang, Taoyuan Coanfy, " "Shalun, Tayuan Hsiang, Taoyuan County, " " Kuolin Village, Luchu Hsiang, Taoyuan County, " "Wutsoli, Chingshui Town, Taichung County, "Yangtsuli Tafuliao, Chungshui Town, Taichung County, "Shanpi Village, Shenkuang Hsiang, Taichung County, " " Shihsanliao, Putsichuan, Taya Hsiang, Taichung County, " "Liulin Village, Tachuwei, Shuishang Hsiang, Chiay County, ""Taotsiyuan, Soying, Kaohsiung City, " "Hsiulin Hsiang and Hsincheng Hsiang, Hualien City and County, " Chialulanshan, Chialulan Village, Peinan Hsiang, Fukuangli, Fufengli, Taitung city and County," "Nankang, Taipei City, " "Chingshanli, Yangmingshan, Taipei City, " and "Chungcheng District, Keelung City. " The total area of land lifted or narrowed is 1,700 hectares. ## Ii . Releasing ( Narrowing) Mountain And Coastal Military-Controlled Areas According to "The National Security Law," part of the coastal and mountain areas are classified as "Controlled Areas, " which are divided into " Constant Controlled Areas," and "Specific Controlled Areas" depending on their nature (Note 10). These areas have been made public. Control of coastal areas is carried out by the Coast Guard, while control of mountain areas are implemented by the police. People must apply for permission to enter these controlled areas. However, for facilitating travel and development and for securing national defense and order. MND and MOI jointly review these areas each year. Up to December, 1997, 96 "constant controlled areas" in the mountains has been lifted; coastal "constant controlled areas" around Chinshan, Shuiwei, and Fukuichiao have been shifted to "specific controlled areas;" and coastal constant controlled areas have been narrowed. ## Note 10: (1) (2) (3) Coastal "Constant Controlled Area ": an area that is constantly put under military control for the sake of ensuring security along the coast. Coastal "Specific Controlled Area" : a controlled area that is open to the public within prescribed time (day time) for sightseeing, travelling, fishing, and other proper recreational activities. "Constant Controlled Area" in the mountain : an area that is constantly put under military control for the sake of ensuring law and order in the mountain. "Specific Controlled Area" in the mountain: an area for sightseeing, travelling, and other proper recreational activities. (4) Civilians Solving Land Disputes Between the Military and IV . ## Private Land Occupied By The Military 1. Military Land Occupied By Civilians 2. Properly Handling People'S Appeals And National Compensation Cases V . People'S Appeals 1. As MND is reducing the scale of Armed Forces and integrating military camps, it is in the process of reviewing and returning private land to the people. For those pieces of land that can not be returned to the people on account of mission requirements. MND is trying to buy them or signing contract to rent them. Since 1992, MND has returned a total of 135 hectares of land occupied respectively by North Wutu, Tungtien, Tawo, and Chuyuan military camps, and purchased a total of 225 hectares located in 187 places. It is caused most by poor management and unclear division in the past. In order to protect national property, MND has, starting from 1992, regained a total of 82 hectares located around the Yutienling military camp, Kuangchi training field, Hsiaokangshan training field, and Sokang military camp. In order to protect people's rights and benefits. MND established a "Petition Deliberative Committee" in accordance with Article 26 of the Law of Appeal. This committee is specifically responsible for dealing with appeals which might be made by people due to administration negligence or inappropriate administrative penalties. Any one who thinks that his right has been unlawfully violated by the military, may make appeals in compliance with legal procedures accompanied by necessary documents. In 1996 and 1997, there were 316 appeal cases of which 243 cases were rejected, 54 cases were retried, and 19 cases were either transferred, cancelled, or concluded. (See Table 5-2) | Table 5-2 | People's Appeal Cases in 1996 and 1997 | | | | | |-----------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------|-------------|-----------|-------| | Category | Rejected | Cancellation | Transferred | Withdrawn | Total | | of Penalties | | | | | | | Pension & Allowances | 54 | 8 | 2 | l | 65 | | Promotion | 39 | 17 | 56 | | | | 7 | | | | | | | Retirement Request | 15 | 22 | | | | | Compensation Fund for | | | | | | | Farmland-Giving | 17 | 4 | ... | 1 | 22 | | Certificate | | | | | | | Bereavement Fund and | | | | | | | Insurance Fund | 14 | 3 | 2 | 19 | | | Request | | | | | | | Seniority Counting | 10 | б | 16 | | | | Extension | of Service | 13 | 2 | 15 | | | Request | | | | | | | Discharge & | 10 | l | 1 | 2 | 14 | | Resumption of Office | | | | | | | Military | Dependents | 13 | 13 | | | | Quarters | | | | | | | Compensation | 9 | I | l | 11 | | | Resumption of Rights | 4 | 1 | 5 | | | | Land | 3 | 2 | 5 | | | | Dismissal by School | 2 | l | l | 4 | | | Proof of Military | 3 | 1 | 4 | | | | Seniority | | | | | | | Request of Promotion | 4 | 4 | | | | | Request of Settling | 3 | 3 | | | | | Down in Taiwan | | | | | | | Others | 30 | 4 | 3 | l | 38 | | Sub-total | 243 | 54 | 12 | 7 - | 316 | People's Appeal Cases in 1996 and 1997 Table 5-2 ## 2. National Compensation In order to carry out "National Compensation Law, " MND and service headquarters (including Armed Forces Reserve Command and Military Police Command ) have " National Compensation Deliberative established Committee" to manage national compensation cases. From January, 1996, to December, 1997, MND had received 63 cases of requesting national compensation, of which 56 cases were concluded, and 7 cases are in the process of deliberation . ## Vi . Increasing The Coroners' Credibility In order to find out the real causes of death caused by accidents, handle death cases fairly, and dismiss doubts of families, examination of corpse is conducted by judicial doctors directed by military prosecutors. And for the purpose of increasing credibility of examination by coroners, MND established "The Judicial Doctors Center" by grouping related personnel and facilities from the National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, and Military Law Bureau together. Furthermore, MND also invites judicial doctors from the Criminal Police Department, High Prosecutor's Office, and local related departments to support examination (re-examination) of bodies of military personnel. In 1996 and 1997, 22 cases of re-examination were conducted by the "Judicial Doctors Center"satisfactorily . ## M · # Strengthening Environment Protection ## 1. Disposal Of Junks In order to prevent junks from affecting environment, health, and people's living condition, MND started training junks disposal technicians under the assistance of the National Environment Protection Administration. In 1996 and 1997, 31 persons were awarded the license of Class A Waste Water Disposal Technician, and 30 persons got the license of Class B Junks Disposal Technician. In addition, MND has prepared NT $ 320,000,000 for the purpose of employing technicians of qualified companies of dispose of garbage, salvaged tires, transformers, condensers, and contaminated waste dumped by military hospitals. ## 2. Noise Control In order to reduce noise, MND has installed soundproof facilities near airbases, military factories, and military construction sites. MND has also coordinated with the National Environmental Protection Administration and the Civil Aviation Bureau to install noise-measuring network near airbases to reduce noise. In 1996 and 1997, MND invested NT $280,000,000 to construct noise-reduction buildings for engine-warm-up on Hsinchu, Shuinan (Taichang), Ching-Chuan-Kang (Taichung), Chiayi, and Hualien airbases, and install noise-reducing monitoring network on Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Ching-Chuan-Kang (Taichung), Air Force Academy, and Taitung airbases. Later, when "Supplemental Principle of Installing Noise Reduction Devices to Owners of Legal Buildings Around Airfields" is carried out, MND will help civilians install the said devices. ![259_image_0.png](259_image_0.png) Noise measuring site at Hsinchu airbase ![259_image_1.png](259_image_1.png) Noise measuring and reducing facilities for Mirage 2000-5 engines ## 226 3. Prevention Of Pollution By Military Factories Such plans are being carried out . Up to 1997, MND has invested NT $ 410,000,000 in this respect, completing construction of 24 polluted-water processing plants and installing polluted-water processing facilities. In the future, MND will continue to improve pollution prevention by refering to the over-all plans prepared by the Environmental Protection Consulting Company. ![260_image_0.png](260_image_0.png) Smoke processing facility of CSF 203 factory 1998 National Defense Report ![261_image_0.png](261_image_0.png) Newly-built waste water processing site of CSF 203 factory 16 - 1 # Providing Services To The People ## I. Disaster Relief Loving and assisting people is the traditional spirit of ROC Armed Forces. Before the "National SAR Agency" is established, the Armed Forces are responsible for conducting disaster relief and assisting in reconstruction immediately after the disaster. At present, the Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) of the Armed Forces takes charge of search and rescue of air and ship accidents within the Taipei Flight Intelligent Zone. It also maintains contact with the rescue coordination centers of nearby countries to conduct international relief work. In 1996 and 1997, a total of about 150,000 troops, more than 700 airplanes, 100 ships, and 1,700 military vehicles were used to conduct search and rescure of disaster. (See Table 5-3 and Table 5-4 ) | Search & Rescue | Scarch & Rescue | Search & Rescue | Evacuation | | | | |-------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|----------|-----------|-----| | Classification | of Sick | Total | | | | | of Sea Disaster | of Air Disaster | of | Mountain | Wounded & | | | | Disaster | Persons | | | | | Number | 120 | 8 | 6 | 167 | 301 | | Aircraft(Sorties) | 86 | 48 | 14 | 171 | 319 | | Ships | 89 | 48 | . I | 138 | | | Personnel | 632 | 70 | 702 | | | | 573 | 13 | | | | | | No. of people saved (Bodies) | T | 593 | | | | | (1) | (3) | (4) | | | | | No. of | pcople | 695 | 695 | | | | transfereed | | | | | | Table 5-3 Relief Achievements in 1996 and 1997 Time: From Jan.1,1996 to Apr.15,1997 Table 5-4 | Classification | Typhoon Herb | Typhoon Wennie | Typhoon Amber | Total | |-----------------------------|----------------|------------------|-----------------|---------| | Airplanes(sorties) | 404 | 1 | 405 | | | Ships | 122 | 2 | 2 | | | Vehicles | 251 | 492 | 101 | 844 | | Personnel | 4.910 | 6.359 | 3,628 | 14.897 | | Area Sterilized( = ) | 1.800 | 500 | 2.300 | | | People Evacuated | 609 | б | 615 | | | Material Transported (tons) | 289.38 | 1.6 | 290.98 | | | Garbage Disposed (vebicles) | 251 | 492 | 125 | 868 | ![263_image_0.png](263_image_0.png) Emergency Relief Achievements in 1996 and 1997 Supporting emergent relief work . The Armed Forces and the People ![264_image_0.png](264_image_0.png) Supporting relief-transporting material ![264_image_1.png](264_image_1.png) Supporting relief-evacuating people ![264_image_2.png](264_image_2.png) Supporting bridges building ## Ii . Assisting People In Harvesting In compliance with requests of farmers, the Armed Forces offers bi-annual assistance of harvesting, which has contributed greatly to prosperity of rural areas. As rural environment has changed and mechanization becomes popular, the Armed Forces have begun using machines to help farmers harvest starting since second harvesting in 1996. It is estimated that in 1996 to 1997, a total of 2,192 soldiers was dispatched and a total area of harvested rice field was 10,365 hectares; and more than 12,658 farmer's families were benefitted. (See Table 5-5) | Farmers | | | | |-----------------|-----------|-------------|--------| | Soldiers | Size | | | | Classification | Benefited | | | | Employed | Harvested | (Household) | | | 2nd Period, '96 | 1,524 | 7,738 | 10,765 | | 1st Period, '97 | 2,627 | 1,893 | | | 668 | | | | | Total | 2,192 | 10,365 | 12,658 | Table 5-5 Statistics of Assisting Farmers in Harvesting in 1996 & 1997 ![266_image_0.png](266_image_0.png) Helping harvest rice ## 皿. Supporting Vaccination Since the government carried out national health insurance, it is no longer necessary for the Armed Forces to continue providing "volunteer medical treatment" to the general public. With exception of Kinmen, Matsu, and Penghu, which lack medical resources. MND has cancelled routine "volunteer medical treatment" activity since June, 1997, and shifted to supporting local governments to prevent contagious diseases from spreading, as well as conduct emergent medical treatment. In 1996 and 1997, the Armed Forces employed more than 53,000 soldiers and more than 2,800 vehicles to help stopping pig infectious disease and prevent Dengue Fever from spreading. ![267_image_0.png](267_image_0.png) Assisting in burying pigs affected by infectious disease ![267_image_1.png](267_image_1.png) Assisting local governments in putting out Dengue Fever