-----

**Junichiro Koizumi**
Prime Minister

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Defense Agency and the Self-Defense Forces.
Over the past half-century Japan has emerged from postwar chaos to become the world’s second largest
economy. Credit for this goes to Japan’s firm adherence to a purely defensive posture and its implementation
of a suitable defense policy while focusing on the stable livelihood of its people and endeavoring to pursue
peaceful diplomacy, thus enabling Japan to enjoy peace throughout the Cold War without once being drawn
into a conflict.
During this period, Japan consistently maintained the minimum defense capabilities necessary and
appropriate to an independent country and the SDF has, in conjunction with the Japan-U.S. Security
Arrangements, served as a deterrent to an invasion of Japan.
The Cold War finally drew to a close 40 some years after the end of World War II, but since then new
elements of instability have appeared, as seen in the Gulf War. Cooperation within the international
community in dealing with these issues has grown even more important.
The SDF, since its minesweeping mission in the Persian Gulf, has actively represented Japan in the
forefront of international contributions, participating in peacekeeping operations, providing counterterrorism
support in the Indian Ocean, and supplying humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to Iraq.
At this half-century mark, Japan is giving careful consideration to the defense capabilities it needs to deal
with new threats such as international terrorist organizations and the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction and ballistic missiles.
Needless to say, the peace and safety of the nation cannot be secured simply through the efforts of the
Defense Agency and the SDF, and public understanding and support is essential.
It is my sincere hope that this White Paper will be widely read by the public, that it will prove helpful in
giving them a better understanding and appreciation of Japan’s defense efforts, and that it will encourage them
to grant the Defense Agency and the SDF their strong support.


-----

**Foreword**

**Shigeru Ishiba**
Minister of State for Defense

On December 24, 2003, with the participation of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in his capacity as
commander-in-chief, a ceremony was held at Komaki Air Base to mark the formation of the first ASDF
transport unit to be dispatched to Iraq under the Humanitarian Relief and Iraqi Reconstruction Special
Measures Law.
I felt somehow apologetic about hosting an event that signified the assignment of young SDF personnel to
a difficult mission on a day that for many people is one of the happiest of the year.
At the send-off party held after this ceremony, I circulated through the venue to exchange words with, and
offer encouragement to, as many SDF personnel as possible. As I was doing so, a young airman shook my
hand and said, “Hearing an address by the Prime Minister in person and receiving such encouragement from
the Minister of State for Defense has made this my best Christmas Eve ever. I promise to carry out my
assignment to the best of my ability.” Nothing had moved me quite as much since becoming the Minister of
State for Defense, and I shall not forget that moment as long as I live.
To know that Japan has young people such as he and that the SDF is an organization made up of such men
and women gave me immense pride in serving as Minister of State for Defense at this particular time.
I enjoyed a similarly moving experience on June 6 this year at the party held to welcome home the first
GSDF troop to return to Japan after completing outstandingly their mission in Samawah, Iraq.
I have no adequate words to describe the efforts these SDF personnel made to win the hearts of the local
people and carry out their duties safely in the still dangerous city of Samawah. They admirably accomplished
the objectives of their dispatch to Iraq: serving the national interests of Japan, carrying out the country’s
responsibilities as a member of the international community, meeting the needs and expectations of the Iraqi
people, and strengthening bilateral trust under the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements.
Recent years have seen a dramatic improvement in the high regard with which the SDF is held both in
Japan and abroad. One opinion poll has noted that nearly 70% of the Japanese public now has a positive
opinion of the SDF, twice the level of 20 years ago, and heads of state and defense ministers visiting my office
at the Defense Agency have been quite forthright in their praise of the SDF’s performance. This genuine
acclaim from observers inside and outside Japan has been more than justified by the SDF’s efforts in
translating Japan’s desire for peace and its goodwill into reality in such challenging environments as Iraq, the
Golan Heights, the Indian Ocean, and East Timor, and by the efforts of the men and women of the SDF at
home in carrying out their oath to maintain the nation’s independence and peace and protect the lives and
property of its people.


-----

Nevertheless, we are by no means content to rest on our laurels.
The security environment encompassing Japan has become much more complicated since the end of the
Cold War, especially since 9-11. Drastic reforms are needed across the board—in legal framework, equipment,
organization, and operations—to cope with these challenges, and even short delays in making these reforms
would be inexcusable for a responsible government.
To put it into a catchphrase, our policy must be shifted “from the SDF that exists to the SDF that
functions.” This requires thorough examination of all aspects of the four areas of reform mentioned above.
Work on Defense Posture Review to be completed by the end of the year and it is being pursued day and
night at the Defense Agency, and discussions are also underway at the Council on Security and Defense
Capabilities set up under the Prime Minister’s Office.
The Concept of Basic Defense Force proposed in the 1976 National Defense Program Outline and
essentially carried over in the present Outline has proven truly useful in its time in long protecting the
independence and peace of Japan. Nonetheless, a fundamental debate is needed on whether it will continue to
be effective in future.
In engaging in the debate, it should be borne in mind that a self-protective or defensive attitude on the part
of individuals or organizations is by no means conducive to an effective solution worthy of being termed
“defense reform for the nation.”
Japan must also go beyond domestic debate to positively declare what steps it should take internationally
and how the international community should address new threats, and then act on these pronouncements.
At the conference hosted by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in Singapore this year
and last, I raised several issues regarding the need for using defense capabilities in a manner similar to the
exercise of police authority. Consensus has yet to be reached within the international community on what
actions constitute terrorism and whether measures against terrorism constitute a “war” in the conventional
sense. The U.S. is indisputably the sole superpower today, but there are naturally limits to what the U.S. can
do alone in tackling problems in this confused world. Therefore, Japan should also accept a role to clarify its
stance on how the international community should address such matters.
Enjoying benefits, of course, entails assuming risks. As with the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements,
security for a nation is only viable if the fulfillment of its obligations also serves its national interests, and
considerable effort must be made to preserve security.
If Japan desires, as stated in the preamble of the Constitution, “to occupy an honored place in an
international society,” then it must make clear what systems it believes are needed internationally and what
risks Japan will assume therein. Might without right is no more than brute violence, but right not backed by
might is powerless.
Public opinion of late has tended to view arguments on defense via a simplistic dichotomy—liberal or
conservative, reliance on the U.S. or independent defense—but reality is not so simple. All discussions of
defense issues should be elaborate and rational rather than careless and emotional.
Whether we wish it or not, we are living at a turning point in history. Francis Fukuyama earlier termed the
conclusion of the Cold War “the end of history,” but this also means the start of a new history. The rule of law
has yet to be firmly established within the international community, and it does not appear that this will come
about in the foreseeable future. A new order can only be established by realizing the rule of law worldwide,
and making it standard international practice through cumulative effort will likely remain the best approach.
As apparent in the various legal framework being discussed by the government at present, Japan is seeking to
frame a new legal theory. We must think and act with pride and with the sense of responsibility incumbent on
those living in this era.
I would be extremely gratified if this White Paper helps encourage these elaborate and rational reflections
and actions, and I sincerely hope that readers will not hesitate to offer us their suggestions and comments.


-----

### Special to mark 50th anniversary of founding of Defense Agency and SDF

# 50-year history of Defense Agency and SDF in pictures

Half a century has passed since the Defense Agency

and the Self-Defense Forces were established on July 1, 1954.

This special collection of pictures is intended to offer a retrospective

on the path the agency and the SDF have jointly taken in the past 50

years with the Japanese people, and record the footprints left by them.


-----

Exercise by ASDF Kanoya air squadron (Kagoshima 1954)

Students taking an oath at the ceremony to mark transformation of National Security Academy into Ceremony to mark foundation of ASDF
National Defense Academy upon foundation of Defense Agency (Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture) (Hamamatsu base in Shizuoka Prefecture on July 1,

1954) MSDF ships on loan from United States

(Yokosuka port in Kanagawa Prefecture in July 1954)

16 ASDF members put on piloting course begin
training
(Matsushima base of U.S. military in Miyagi
Prefecture on June 22, 1954)

Ranking officers of GSDF, MSDF and ASDF at first Joint Staff Council meeting
(July 8, 1954)

Ceremony to mark establishment of
Defense Agency (SDF members
saluting Minister of State for Defense
Tokutaro Kimura) (roof of Defense
Agency building in Ecchujima, Koto
Ward, Tokyo on July 1, 1954)

SDF members participating in rescue operations for victims of mishap involving Toya-maru
ferryboat linking Aomori and Hakodate, which capsized off Hakodate due to powerful No. 15
typhoon that hit Japanese mainland (off Hakodate, Hokkaido in September 1954)

Essentials being supplied to new GSDF members
First delivery of vessels from U.S. to Japan under bilateral
(Nerima camp in Tokyo in November 1954)
vessel loan pact in Charleston in the United States; Asakaze
and Hatakaze, delivered to Japan’s MSDF
(October 19, 1954)

SDF flag (left) and SDF ship flag (right) adopted to mark
establishment of Defense Agency, with Minister of
State for Defense Kimura standing in the
center (Ecchujima, Koto Ward, Tokyo
on June 26, 1954)

**Defense Agency and** Defense of Hokkaido transferred to GSDF Northern Army from 16th unit of U.S. Army

**SDF inaugurated** (Makomanai camp in Hokkaido on September 24, 1954)


-----

Exercise by first batch of SDF rangers
(Fuji School in Shizuoka Prefecture on November 17, 1956)

Japanese jets (T-33) with rising-sun flag on first flight over Kyushu


**1956**

**Defense Agency**
**headquarters**
**transferred to**
**Kasumigaseki**

**area**


Troop review to mark first anniversary of foundation of Defense
Agency (Jingu-Gaien in Tokyo on October 1, 1955)


**1955**

**Troop review to mark**
**first anniversary of**
**foundation of Defense**
**Agency**


parading in Ginza after
(Tokyo on November 1, SDF troop review **1959**
1958) **Dispatch for disaster**

**relief operation**
**(typhoon in Ise Bay)**

Villages submerged or isolated due to flooding of Nikko River SDF members trying to restore
(Aichi Prefecture in September 1959) broken banks in muddy stream

(Aichi Prefecture in September 1959)

**1958**

**First practice ocean**
**cruising**

**Measures being**

**introduced to counter**
**invasion of air**

**space**

**1957**

**First fleet review**

Graduation ceremony for students enrolled in National
Defense Academy on its first year of
foundation
(Yokosuka in Kanagawa Prefecture on March 26, **1956**
1957) **Defense Agency**

**headquarters**
**transferred to**
**Kasumigaseki**

**area**

Escort ship Harukaze leaving Hawaii after two-week visit there as part of MSDF's
first overseas training cruise
(Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on February 11, 1958)

SDF members transporting relief supplies for victims of flooding in Izu Peninsula area
(September or October of 1958)

Newly built Defense Agency headquarters building in Tokyo's Kasumigaseki area
(March 1956)

First fleet review takes place in Tokyo Bay Scramble takeoff operations shortly after measures against air space invasion are


-----

MSDF vessels conducting rescue and relief
operations after rushing to areas damaged by Niigata

earthquake, in the background Niigata City is
wrapped in flames and black smoke (June 16, 1964)

**rescue operations in**
**areas of heavy**
**snowfall**

GSDF Second Lieutenant Sakurama wrestling in
Tokyo Olympic Games (October 1964)

Pattern of Olympic mark being painted in air by
ASDF's Blue Impulse team at opening ceremony of
Tokyo Olympic Games GSDF Second Lieutenant Miyake (left), GSDF Sergeant
(over National Stadium on October 10, 1964) Tsuburaya (center) and GSDF Second Lieutenant Sakurama

(right) report their Olympic achievements to Minister of State

GSDF Second Lieutenant Miyake lifting weight [Kyodo News] for Defense Junya Koizumi and shake hands with the minister


(October 24 1964)


SDF members removing earth and sand
accumulated after high tide caused by
Niigata earthquake recedes
(Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture in June
1964)

**1964**

**Dispatch for disaster**
**rescue operations after**
**Niigata earthquake**


SDF members being dispatched from
Shibata camp to remove snow from trunk
road in Niigata Prefecture, hit by recordbreaking snowfall (January 1963)


**1964**

**Dispatch for disaster**
**rescue operations after**
**Niigata earthquake**
**and support of Tokyo**
**Olympic Games**


GSDF Sergeant Kokichi Tsuburaya
competing in men's marathon held on
final day of Tokyo Olympic Games
(October 1964)

GSDF Second Lieutenant Miyake lifting weight [Kyodo News]
(October 1964)


**1963**

**Dispatch for disaster**
**rescue operations in**
**areas of heavy**
**snowfall**


**1962**

**Defense Facilities**
**Administration Agency**
**established**


**1960**

**Defense Agency**
**headquarters**
**transferred to**
**Hinokicho**


Transport ship Shiretoko evacuating
students from Miyakejima Island in the

First maritime transport drill participated in by GSDF, MSDF and ASDF wake of volcanic eruption and
(Shizuoka Prefecture in November 1962) earthquake (September 1962)

Plate for newly established Defense
Facilities Administration Agency being
put up (Minato Ward, Tokyo in
November 1962)

Members of SDF's 101st construction unit demonstrating laying of
railway track
(training site in Tsudanuma in Chiba Prefecture in June 1960)

**1962**

**Defense Facilities**
**Administration Agency**
**established**

Defense Agency headquarters
transferred to Roppongi (Hinokicho)
in Tokyo's Minato Ward
(January 1960)

**1960**

**Defense Agency**
**headquarters** Cenotaph completed at Ichigaya camp in memory of SDF members who
**transferred to** died on duty. Construction of cenotaph is part of events held to mark 10th
**Hinokicho** anniversary of SDF's founding (Tokyo on May 26, 1962)


Protesters against Japan-U.S. Security Treaty
surrounding Diet building (January 1960)


-----

**1966**


**1965**

**Support of Antarctic**
**expedition begins**


opened to public for first time that year
(Shizuoka Prefecture on September 8, 1966)

**1969**

First Ordnance Unit of SDF removing discarded bombs in Kiyose
Town (now Kiyose City) in Shimokita Tama County in Tokyo
(July 1966)

**1968**

**Recruitment of female**
**personnel (GSDF)**

GSDF’s female cadets after attending enlistment ceremony **begins Return of the**
(Asaka camp in Tokyo on April 1, 1968) SDF's recruitment of **Ogasawara Islands to**
female nurses began upon foundation of SDF

**Japan**

Exercise being conducted to maintain public security
(in areas under jurisdiction of Western Army in 1969)

**1967**

**Support in arranging** GSDF's 302nd Military Police Company members acting
**state-sponsored** as guard of honor at state-sponsored funeral ceremony for
**funeral ceremony for** former Prime Minister Yoshida
**former Prime Minister** (Nippon Budokan in Tokyo on October 31, 1967)
**Yoshida**

SDF members conducting restoration work in Misawa City, Aomori Prefecture, following a
major fire (January 11, 1966)

**1966**

SDF members assisting Health and Welfare Ministry (currently Health, Labour and
Welfare Ministry) in recovering the remains of Japanese soldiers killed in battle
waged against the United States on Iwo Jima (June 1969)

From mid-1950 to early 1970, SDF members,
responding to requests from municipalities, help
local farmers with rice-planting and other
agricultural works during farming season,
mainly in Hokkaido and Tohoku areas
(agricultural support). Picture shown

**1965**

above is GSDF members from Jinmachi
camp transplanting rice seedlings **Support of Antarctic**
(Wago Village in Yamagata **expedition begins**
Prefecture on June 5,
1965)

Families and others seeing off SDF members
aboard icebreaker Fuji, leaving on first voyage to
support Antarctic expedition Japanese national flag hoisted on Iwo Jima (June 26, 1968)
(Tokyo's Harumi wharf on November 20, 1965)


-----

speech while hanging out a written
appeal on balcony of SDF’s Eastern
Army Headquarters (Ichigaya camp
in Tokyo on November 25,
1970)[Kyodo News]

Cover of defense white paper
published for first time when
Nakasone heads Defense Agency
(October 1970)

**1970**

**Support of Osaka**
**World Exposition**

**Defense white paper's**
**first publication**

**Mishima incident**


SDF members maintaining 90-meter-class Nordic jump slope on Mt. Okurayama

SDF members participating in children’s
festival of Osaka World Exposition as flagcarrying unit
(Suita City in Osaka Prefecture in June 1970)

**1974** officers visiting units First seven MSDF female

**Opening of National** (October 1974)
**Defense Medical**
**College** First entrance ceremony for National Defense Medical College

**MSDF and ASDF begin** (Iruma base in Saitama Prefecture on April 25, 1974)

MSDF vessel unloading ¥54 billion worth of currency at Okinawa port for **recruiting female**
use by Okinawa people following Okinawa’s return to Japan **personnel**
(Naha Port in Okinawa Prefecture on May 2, 1971)

Support by C-46 transport plane in artificial rainfall
project during Sanin district drought
(Miho Base in Tottori Prefecture on August 4, 1973)

**1973**

**1972**

**Okinawa's return to**
**Japan**

**Support for Sapporo**

Ceremony to return Naha base to Japan’s SDF
(Okinawa Prefecture on May 15, 1972) **Olympic Games**

Novelist Yukio Mishima delivering
speech while hanging out a written
appeal on balcony of SDF’s Eastern
Army Headquarters (Ichigaya camp

SDF members engaging in

in Tokyo on November 25,

search and rescue operations

1970)[Kyodo News]

**1971** in Shizukuishi areas in Iwate SDF members improving prefectural roads on

**Shizukuishi air** Prefecture where ANA plane consignment of village
**collision** crashed after colliding with (Toga Village in Toyama Prefecture on August 8, 1974)

SDF plane (July 30, 1971)

Cover of defense white paper Emperor Showa providing morale support to SDF members at one of venues for Sapporo Olympic
published for first time when Games in Makomanai (Sapporo City in Hokkaido Prefecture on February 4, 1972)
Nakasone heads Defense Agency
(October 1970)

**1970**

**Support of Osaka**
**World Exposition**

**Defense white paper's**
**first publication**

**Mishima incident**

Drifted mine is
artificially exploded
and disposed of
(January 14, 1974)

(Sapporo City in Hokkaido Prefecture in January 1972)


SDF members removing Soviet-made mine that drifted ashore
off Shimane Prefecture (January 14, 1974)


SDF members engaging in

**1971** search and rescue operations in Shizukuishi areas in Iwate

**Shizukuishi air** Prefecture where ANA plane
**collision** crashed after colliding with

SDF plane (July 30, 1971)


-----

**1975**


g , )

SDF members conducting restoration work after typhoon No. 9 hits
(Okinoerabu Island in Kagoshima Prefecture on September 10, 1977)Kagoshima **1979**

Female MSDF and ASDF personnel participate in troop review for first **1978**
time (Asaka camp in Tokyo on October 30, 1977)

Transport ship Ojika coming alongside pier of Numazu City for first drill against

**1977** possible occurrence of Tokai Earthquake

(June 4, 1979)

SDF members supplying water to people as part of disaster-relief SDF members supplying water to people following earthquake in waters near Izuoshima
operations following earthquake off Miyagi Prefecture Island

First full-scale airlifting drill by ASDF since its foundation (June 13, 1978) (January 1978)
(Between Shintawara base in Miyazaki Prefecture and Komatsu base in
Ishikawa Prefecture on April 19, 1977)

**1976**

Enrollment of first six female cadets to ASDF **MIG-25 incident**
(Nara base in Nara Prefecture on April 6, 1977)

Soviet fighter MIG-25 makes forced
landing at Hakodate Airport
(Hakodate City in Hokkaido
Prefecture in September 1976)

**1975**

ASDF members loading supplies for first logistic support exercise (activities like maintenance
work goods supply and transport) (September 18 1978)


-----

**1981**


**1980**

**First participation in**
**RIMPAC**


Members of special guard-of-honor unit formed from GSDF’s 302nd Military Police Company firing in air in
honor of late Prime Minister Ohira at his funeral, sponsored by Cabinet and LDP
(Nippon Budokan in Tokyo on June 12, 1980)

Last flight demonstration by F-86F Blue Impulse
(Iruma base in Saitama Prefecture on February 8, 1981)

SDF members disposing of abandoned bomb
found in Tone River (May 1980)

**1981**

Escort ship Hiei joining U.S. Navy-sponsored Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC)
(March 1980)

**1980**

**First participation in**
**RIMPAC**


Graduation ceremony for students enrolling in National Defense Medical College on first year of its
foundation (Tokorozawa City in Saitama Prefecture on March 16 1980)


(Takigahara camp in Gotemba City in Shizuoka Prefecture in February
1982)

**1984**

ASDF radar site which collected information on
shooting down of Korean Airlines jet
(Wakkanai City in Hokkaido
Prefecture in 1983) [Jiji Press]

**1983**

**Shooting down of**
**Korean Airlines**
**passenger jet**

Central Command Post completed at Defense Agency headquarters
(Roppongi, Minato Ward) (March 31, 1984)

**1982** Armored personnel carriers breaking

through multi-layered earth that serves as
obstacles to block passage of tanks at
drill sponsored by GSDF's 7th Division
(drilling ground in Hokkaido Prefecture in
October 1984)

SDF members removing snow as part of disaster-relief operations following SDF members conducting disaster-relief operations after earthquake in western Nagano
heavy snowfall in 1981 (Katsuyama City in Fukui Prefecture in January 1981) (Otaki Village in Nagano Prefecture in October 1984)


-----

**1985**

**JAL jet crash**

**Dispatch for disaster**

**relief**


**1989**

GSDF helicopter transporting foreign VIPs **Support in preparation**
set to attend the funeral of Emperor Showa
(at Akasaka State Guest House on February **for funeral of Emperor**
25, 1989) **Showa**

Super Puma, operated by special flying unit formed to transport VIPs
visiting Tokyo Summit
(Kisarazu camp in Chiba Prefecture in March 1986)

MSDF guard-of-honor unit members present arms while a
hearse carrying coffin of Emperor Showa passes main gate of
Imperial Palace during the funeral (February 24, 1989)

Icebreaker Shirase (left)
breaks Australia’s **1988**

SDF member rescuing survivor of JAL jet crash by hauling her up into observation ship Nella Dan **_Nadashio accident_**
hovering helicopter (Mt. Osutaka in Gunma Prefecture in August 1985) out of ice

(December 16, 1985)

**1987**

Soviet military jet TU-16 Badger violates Japan’s
airspace over Okinawa twice

SDF members searching for bodies of JAL jet crash victims on steep mountainside amid daily **1986** Fishing boat Daiichi Fujimaru being raised after it sank

(ASDF launches signal-firing for first time)

scorching temperatures of over 30˚C (Mt. Osutaka in Gunma Prefecture in August 1985) (December 9, 1987) **Dispatch to Izuoshima** following collision with MSDF submarine Nadashio

**Island for disaster** (off Yokosuka in Kanagawa Prefecture on July 28,

1988)[Jiji Press]

**relief**

Fire engines and other vehicles
aboard SDF vessel being
unloaded at port in Izuoshima
Island, transport is in response About 800 SDF members waiting for passage of Emperor and Empress’s motorcade
to request by Tokyo metropolitan (February 24, 1989)
government (November 1986)

First Japan-U.S. unified
training exercise, conducted in

SDF members offer flowers

Hokkaido, Pacific waters and

and silent prayer to altar set up

airspace over Pacific with

on JAL jet crash site

participation of about 13,000

(Mt. Osutaka in Gunma **1985**
Prefecture in August 1985) **JAL jet crash** Japanese and U.S. troops

(Chitose camp in Hokkaido

**Dispatch for disaster** Prefecture on October 13,

**relief** 1986)

Volcanic fumes rising from crater of Mt. Mihara
(November 1986)


-----

(Tachikawa camp in Tokyo in December 1990)


Minesweeper Sakushima disposing of mines found in No.10 dangerous mine area by exploding them

Emperor and Empress’s motorcade passing by as SDF music (furthest part of Persian Gulf in August 1991)
band performs music for their enthronement ceremony
(November 20, 1990)

**1991**

**Dispatch of**
**minesweepers to**

SDF member protected in life jacket, goggle, mask and helmet standing **Persian Gulf**
guard amid scorching heat (July 1991) **Dispatch for disaster-**

**relief operations after**
**eruption of Unzen-**

GSDF helicopter transporting “Takamikura” chair being **Fugendake**
used at new Emperor’s enthronement ceremony


**1990**

**Support in preparation of new**

**Emperor’s enthronement ceremony**

**Japan decides to provide the**

**United States with arms**

**technologies related to FS-X**

**fighter**



**1992**

**Cambodia PKO**

**National Defense**
**Academy starts to**
**admit women**

Special government jet put under control
of Defense Agency (April 1992)

SDF members repairing roads mainly used
Many local citizens seeing off SDF members who are leaving Cambodia after finishing by local people (Takeo in January 1993)
their mission (Takeo Province on September 12, 1993)

Minesweeper Sakushima disposing of mines found in No.10 dangerous mine area by exploding them

Emperor and Empress’s motorcade passing by as SDF music (furthest part of Persian Gulf in August 1991)
band performs music for their enthronement ceremony

Supplies being unloaded from ASDF plane at Pochentong
airport (September 1992)

**1991**

**Dispatch of**
**minesweepers to**

SDF member protected in life jacket, goggle, mask and helmet standing **Persian Gulf**
guard amid scorching heat (July 1991) **Dispatch for disaster-**

**relief operations after**
**eruption of Unzen-**
**Fugendake**

Life-sized mockup of next FS-X fighter model
opens to public (June 1992)

SDF members removing trees that fell due to typhoon in
order to prevent secondary disaster
(Kusu Town in Oita Prefecture in May 1992)

Transport ship Miura at Sihanouk port in Cambodia (October 1992)

**1990**

**Support in preparation of new**

**Emperor’s enthronement ceremony**

**Japan decides to provide the**

**United States with arms**

**technologies related to FS-X**

**fighter**

SDF members restoring road damaged by large-scale pyroclastic flow at UnzenFugendake by removing sizzling volcanic ash with use of 75-type bulldozer; four bodies GSDF units attending ceremony held by local community to express
are found in vehicle shown left (Nagasaki Prefecture on June 5, 1991) their thanks to SDF for relief operations in areas hit by eruption of Emergency medical support training, Big Rescue, Female students standing in a row at entrance ceremony for National

conducted by GSDF’s Northern Army Defense Academy, the first female group allowed to study at the

(d illi i i H kk id P f i A 1991)


Female students standing in a row at entrance ceremony for National
Defense Academy, the first female group allowed to study at the
d (Y k k Ci i K P f i A il 1992)


-----

p
Rwandan refugees
(October 1994)

Children surrounding SDF members
shouldering cresol tanks used for epidemic
prevention SDF members cleaning subway platform to remove sarin
(November 1994) (Tokyo’s Korakuen station on March 20, 1995)

**1995**

Camp site for SDF members dispatched for relief operations for Rwandan refugees **Disaster relief for victims** SDF members cleaning subway platform to remove sarin(Tokyo’s Kasumigaseki station on March 20, 1995)
(October 1994) **of the Hanshin-Awaji Great**

**Earthquake**

**Sarin attack on Tokyo**
**subway**

**1994**

C-130H transport plane arrives **Relief of Rwandan**
at Maputo airport for transport
mission **refugees**
(January 1994)

SDF members disposing of chemical weapons

Fire continuing to hit areas from Kobe’s Sannomiya to Katori as fire SDF members searching for missing persons based on information given by

left in Iraq after end of Persian Gulf War

fighting is made difficult by suspension of water supply (January 1995) survivors of quake (Kobe City in Hyogo Prefecture on January 21, 1995)

(Baghdad on January 31, 1994)

Troop exchange between Communications Battalion of Portuguese military
and GSDF’s Transport Coordination Company
(Matola Camp in October 1993)

**1993**

**Mozambique PKO**

**SDF’s first operation of** MSDF vessels at anchor at New Kobe port for water and goods supply, and other relief operations (January 1995)
**special government plane**

**SDF dispatch to areas hit by** Aonae district of Okushiri Island ablaze due to fire following
**earthquake off southwestern** earthquake and tsunami tidal wave (July 13, 1993)

SDF members and children in Mozambique **Hokkaido**
(November 11, 1993)

SDF members searching for
persons missing in Aonae
district of Okushiri Island due to
devastating tsunami tidal wave
following earthquake in the seas
off southwestern Hokkaido
(July 14, 1993)

Quake victims seeing off SDF members who are leaving aboard vehicle SDF members, both men and women, unloading emergency

Special government plane put to service for first time Blue Impulse jets on their way home after winding up after finishing meal supply; victims raising banners expressing thanks for provisions through the night
under SDF’s operation (used for Deputy Prime last T-2 jet flight demonstration their relief and support operations (Kobe City in Hyogo Prefecture in January 1995)
Minister Watanabe's U.S. visit) (February 11, 1993) (over Tenryu River in Shizuoka Prefecture on December (Kobe City in Hyogo Prefecture on February 11, 1995)

3 1995)


-----

SDF members engaging in epidemic prevention
work in Honduras (November 21, 1998)

SDF members disposing of depleted chemical weapons
(Lake Kussharo in Hokkaido Prefecture in October 1996) Former senior official at Defense Agency’s Central Procurement Office

arrested on breach of trust charges, officials of Tokyo Public

SDF members standing by for Prosecutors’ Office seize related materials and documents at Central

SDF members manually digging possible issuance of order for Procurement Office (September 1998) [Jiji News]
out vehicles buried after collapse transporting Japanese nationals
of Toyohama Tunnel despite in the event of armed conflict in **1998**
bitterly cold temperatures Cambodia **International emergency relief**
exceeding minus 10˚C (U-Taphao in Thailand in July **activities in Honduras**
(Furubira Town, Hokkaido Prefecture on February 10, 1997) **Support of Nagano Olympic**
1996) **Games**

SDF member setting up water- **North Korea's test-firing of**
purifying kit in Honduras **missiles over Japan**
(November 24, 1998)

Oil-smeared SDF members recovering large amount of
oil spill washed ashore on beach
(Katanomachi Beach in Kaga City in Ishikawa Prefecture
on January 12, 1997)

Aegis system-equipped escort ship Myoko conducts
information-gathering activities (August 1998)

**1997**

First transport unit of SDF dispatched to UNDOF **Nakhodka maritime**
(Ziouani Camp in Israel on February 12, 1996) **accident** Missile launched from North Korea

**Dispatch to seas** (August 1998) [Jiji Press]
**damaged by oil spill**

SDF members recovering oil spill at side of escort ship
(January or February 1997)

Overseas flight demonstration by Blue
Impulse T-4 jets
(Nevada State in the United States on April

Escort ship Kurama (second from right) arrives in Vladivostok port to

25, 1997) participate in international fleet review being held to commemorate 300th First unified training exercise conducted on Iwo Jima

U.N. Secretary-General Annan visiting site for SDF transport unit operations **1996** anniversary of founding of Russian Navy (September 1996) (November 15, 1998)
(Ziouani Camp in Israel on March 22, 1998) **PKO in Golan Heights**

Prime Minister Hashimoto reviewing ASDF units at first air troop review SDF member dispatched to OPCW as international public servant and becomes first First joint exercise between Japan and Russia for search and rescue operations
(Hyakuri Base in Ibaraki Prefecture on October 27, 1996) Inspectorate Division Director of OPCW (The Hague in the Netherlands in June 1997) (off Vladivostok in July 1998)


-----

(May 2000)

**2000**

**Disaster relief for victims**

**of Mt. Usu eruption**

**Disaster relief for victims**

**of Miyake Island eruption**

G-8 leaders leaving Shuri Castle after attending
banquet hosted by Japanese Prime Minister Mori **Defense Agency headquarters** As part of unified disaster prevention drill (Big Rescue 2000 in Tokyo), SDF members
during Okinawa Summit **transfer to Ichigaya** inspecting how to ensure transportation methods that could be used for rescue
(Naha City on July 22, 2000) [Kyodo News] **Support of Okinawa Summit** operations in the event of an earthquake by using quake-resistant Oedo Subway Line

(Tokyo in September 2000)

Suspicious vessel emerges in waters off Noto Peninsula
(March 1999)

GSDF helicopter assisting transport work for Okinawa Summit
(Naha in July 2000)

Reconnaissance jet
RF-4 flying near
Miyakejima Island
(July 2000)

**1999** Disaster-relief activities after eruption of Mt. Usu (Hokkaido in March 2000)

SDF escort ship conducting joint drill with Japan Coast Guard’s **maritime defense activities First issuance of order for** Mt. Usu erupts (March 31, 2000)
patrol boat in the wake of suspicious ship case off Noto Peninsula
(March 1999) **International emergency relief**

**activities to help victims of**
**earthquake in Turkey**

**Disaster-relief activities following**
**accident at uranium processing**
**facilities in Tokai Village**

Members of SDF unit dealing
with chemical weapons
gather at Engineering School
following issuance of order
for disaster-relief mission
(Katsuta camp in Hitachinaka
City in Ibaraki Prefecture on
October 1, 1999)

Transport ship Osumi leaving Kobe port loaded with aid and relief supplies for Japanese and U.S. troops exchanging views on plane maintenance at first bilateral 24th Pacific Armies Management Seminar in Tokyo held as part of the
use by victims of earthquake in Turkey (September 23, 1999) joint exercise in Guam (U.S. Air Force’s Andersen base in June 1999) GSDF’s 50th anniversary ceremony (September 2000)


-----

Submarine rescue vessel Chihaya departing Pearl
Harbor on its way home after winding up mission

ASDF members on transport mission to help Afghan refugees

(December 4, 2001)

(Islamabad airport in Pakistan in October 2001)

MSDF members and families of victims of Ehimemaru accident line up and watch Ehimemaru
detached and sunk in deep waters (off Oahu, Hawaii, on November 25, 2001) **Support activities**

**against terrorism**

Five MSDF vessels being
dispatched to Indian Ocean
as first dispatch unit
(November in 2001)

Members of submarine rescue vessel Chihaya searching
for students missing after collision between U.S. nuclear-
powered submarine and training ship of Uwajima

SDF members teaching local people how to set up tents Fisheries High School **Cooperation and**
(February 2001) (off Oahu, Hawaii, in August 2001) **support in raising**

**sunken ship**
**_Ehimemaru_**

SDF member conversing
with his family before
departure for Indian
Ocean
(Sasebo base in Nagasaki
Prefecture in November
2001)

SDF members being cheered up before
departure for Indian Ocean
(Sasebo base in Nagasaki Prefecture in
November 2001)

**International**
**emergency relief**
**activities to help**
**victims of earthquake** SDF member operating oil pipe to
**in India** be used for sea-based refueling

Indian troops unloading arrived emergency relief (December 2001)
supplies
(Bhuj airport in India in February 2001)

C-130H transport plane and U.S. soldiers
transporting supplies between U.S. bases
in Japan as part of efforts to support U.S.
campaign against terrorism

#### 2001 (Yokota base in Tokyo in November 2001)


-----

**Support activities**
**against terrorism**
**(continued)**

Aegis-equipped escort ship
and other MSDF vessels under
navigation for Indian Ocean
(December 2002)

**International fleet**
**review (sponsored by**
**Japan for first time)**

Prime Minister Koizumi taking off his hat to return salute given by SDF
units being reviewed under fleet review (October 2002)

Escort ship Shirane participating in international fleet review being hosted by Japan to
commemorate 50th anniversary of founding of MSDF (Tokyo Bay in October 2002)

Review ship Yamagiri passing by Chilean training sailboat (October 2002)


SDF member teaching music to local children (February 2002) SDF members engaging in road restoration work (June 2002)

SDF members engaging in road restoration work (June 2002)

C-130H transport plane unloading


Female SDF members participating in PKO for the first time (May 2002) Prime Minister Koizumi visiting dispatched SDF units (April 2002)

MSDF LCAC coming alongside pier for
transport of GSDF vehicles (2002)


C-130H transport plane unloading
airlifted goods to be supplied to East
Timor
(Dili airport in August 2002)

**Multilateral joint**
**training (sponsored by**
**Japan for first time)**


Second western Pacific submarine rescue exercise hosted by Japan
(Waters southwest of Kyushu in April 2002)

Multilateral search and rescue exercise hosted by Japan
(Waters south of Kanto in October 2002)


**East Timor PKO**


#### 2002


First joint map drill between SDF and police
(Sapporo camp in Hokkaido Prefecture in
November 2002)


-----

MSDF supply ship Tokiwa
refueling French Navy vessel
(front) on Indian Ocean
(March 2003)

Prime Minister Koizumi encourages

**Humanitarian relief** SDF members before their departure

MSDF supply ship Hamana (left) **and reconstruction** (Komaki base in Aichi Prefecture on to Kuwait and other countries
refueling German Navy vessel on **support in Iraq** December 24, 2003)
Indian Ocean (June 2003)

C-130H transport plane to airlift emergency aid
supplies to help victims of earthquake in
southeastern Iraq
(Kerman airport on December 30, 2003)

**International**
**emergency relief to**
**help victims of**

Memorial zone improved
(Camp Ichigaya in Tokyo in September 2003) **earthquake in Iran**

SDF members teaching local people how to operate
equipment presented to them (East Timor in 2003)

**Dispatch to areas hit**
**by earthquake off**
**Tokachi**

**East Timor PKO**
**(continued)**

MSDF transport ship Shimokita transporting Thai Army’s heavy machines and equipment for
construction use from Thailand to Indian Ocean so they can be used by U.S. soldiers to build airport SDF members packing foam extinguishers for transport to Tomakomai City, Hokkaido
facilities in Afghanistan (February 2003) Prefecture to help put out fire at industrial complex following earthquake off Tokachi

(Chitose base in Hokkaido Prefecture in September 2003) ASDF’s F-15 fighters and airborne early warning aircraft participating in Cope Thunder

SDF members delivering aid goods for Iraqi refugees to **Support activities** SDF members to depart for Jordan’s Amman to (Japan-U.S joint exercise) in Alaska for first time
United Nations employees in Amman in Jordan **against terrorism** transport aid goods for Iraqi refugees (over Alaska, the United States, in June 2003)
(March 31, 2003) **(continued)** (Komaki base in Aichi Prefecture on July 10, 2003)

**Relief and rescue of**
**Iraqi refugees**

ASDF’s first air-to-air refueling drill First exercise to protect U.S. military facilities in Japan

#### 2003 (air territory over west of Kyushu) (ammunition warehouse in Kawakami, Hiroshima Prefecture in November 2003)


-----

**First airlifting of**
**Japanese nationals**

SDF liaison officer talking to Japanese journalists
arriving from Iraq (first airlifting of Japanese
nationals by SDF)
(Mubarak airport in Kuwait on April 15, 2004)

C-130H transport plane flown by airlifting unit for Iraqi
humanitarian and reconstruction mission heading for Kuwait **Humanitarian relief**
(January 2004) **and reconstruction**

**support in Iraq**

SDF members measuring candidate site for camp for Iraqi mission SDF members installing sluice gate for water supply **(continued)**
(March 2004) (March 2004)

SDF advance team chief Sato and Iraqi children (2004)

SDF members supplying water to tanks SDF member teaching children in Samawah how to make origami
(April 2004) (March 2004)

SDF members engaging in facility
reconstruction and maintenance work
(April 2004) SDF members entrusted with

**Disaster-relief** epidemic prevention work in the
**operations to help** wake of outbreak of avian flu SDF members offering medical advice to local medical staff
**areas hit by avian flu** (Tamba Town in Kyoto Prefecture in March 2004) (April 2004)

Chief of first group of SDF contingent for Iraqi
reconstruction and support mission returns
home and returns group flag to Minister of
State for Defense Ishiba

Aid supplies being loaded into a C-130H transport plane (Asahikawa camp in Hokkaido Prefecture in
(Kuwait International Airport on April 2, 2004) June 2004)

Sandstorm in camp site in
Samawah
(April 2004)

#### 2004

Light armored vehicles of GSDF and other vehicles being loaded onto transport ship Transport ship Osumi cruising for Kuwait (February 2004)
_Osumi for use in Iraq (Muroran City in Hokkaido Prefecture in February 2004)_


-----

Table of Contents

Chapter I International Military Situation..........................................................................1

Section 1. Issues in the International Community .............................................................................................5
1. The Fight against Terrorism .......................................................................................................................5
2. Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction ....................................................................7
3. Situation of Iraq ........................................................................................................................................10
4. Complex and Diverse Regional Conflicts ................................................................................................13

Section 2. National Defense Policies of Major Countries and their Approaches to Creating Stability
in the International Community.......................................................................................................18
1. U.S. Defense Policy..................................................................................................................................18
2. Defense Policies of Other Major Countries..............................................................................................23
3. Efforts to Stabilize the International Community by the U.N. and Other Schemes.................................34
4. Military Science and Technology Trends.................................................................................................36

Section 3. Military Situation in the Asia-Pacific Region.................................................................................38
1. General Situation ......................................................................................................................................38
2. Korean Peninsula ......................................................................................................................................40
3. China.........................................................................................................................................................52
4. Far East Region of Russia.........................................................................................................................64
5. Southeast Asia...........................................................................................................................................68
6. Other Regions ...........................................................................................................................................72
7. U.S. Forces in the Asia-Pacific Region ....................................................................................................77

Chapter II Japan’s Defense Policy...................................................................................103

Section 1. The Basic Concept of Japan’s Defense Policy .............................................................................104
1. Japan’s Security Measures......................................................................................................................104
2. The Constitution and the Right of Self-Defense.....................................................................................105
3. The Basis of Defense Policy...................................................................................................................107

Section 2. The National Defense Program Outline .........................................................................................110
1. The International Situation Envisaged by the National Defense Program Outline ................................110
2. Security of Japan and the Roles of Defense Capability..........................................................................111
3. Contents of Japan’s Defense Capability .................................................................................................112
4. Considerations in the Build-up, Maintenance, and Operation of Defense Capability............................113
5. The Defense Posture Review..................................................................................................................113

Section 3. Build-up of Defense Capability......................................................................................................115
1. The Mid-Term Defense Program (MTDP).............................................................................................116
2. Defense Build-up Program for Fiscal 2004 ............................................................................................118
3. Defense-Related Expenditures................................................................................................................125

Section 4. Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements ...............................................................................................129
1. The Significance of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements ..................................................................129
2. Recent Trends Concerning Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements.............................................................131
3. Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation and Policies to Ensure Effectiveness.........................132
4. Other Measures Related to Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation ................................................................142


-----

Chapter III National Defense and Responses to Various Situations................................161

Section 1. The Defense of the Country ...........................................................................................................162
1. Guard and Surveillance, and Other Activities ........................................................................................163
2. Various Operations by the Ground, Maritime, and Air Self-Defense Forces.........................................164

Section 2. Responses toward Various Situations...........................................................................................178
1. Responses to Suspicious Boats and Armed Spies ..................................................................................178
2. Improvement of Measures against Terrorism Following the Terrorist Attacks in the United States.....182
3. Responses to Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons ...................................................................184
4. Responses to Cyber Attacks ...................................................................................................................187
5. Responses to Other Situations ................................................................................................................188

Section 3. Measures Related to Response to Armed Attack Situation etc ..................................................191
1. Legislation Concerning Responses to Armed Attack Situation etc........................................................191
2. Outlines of the Three Laws to Respond to Armed Attack Situation ......................................................192
3. Specific Situation Response Legislation.................................................................................................198

Section 4. Responses to Disasters .................................................................................................................222
1. Framework for Disaster Relief Dispatches, Etc......................................................................................222
2. Initial Measures for Disaster Relief Dispatches and the Results in Fiscal 2003 ....................................224
3. Efforts under Normal Circumstances for Disaster Relief.......................................................................228

Chapter IV Efforts to Ensure Peace and Security in the International Community.........241

Section 1. Cooperation in Global Efforts to Reconstruct Iraq .......................................................................242
1. Outline of the Law Concerning Special Measures on Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance
in Iraq and the Basic Plan .......................................................................................................................242
2. Achievements by SDF Operations..........................................................................................................252
3 Significance of SDF Dispatch and Evaluation by Other Countries........................................................264

Section 2. Activities Responding to International Terrorism
(Activities in the Indian Ocean and Other Areas) .........................................................................268
1. Outline of the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law and the Basic Plan.............................................268
2. Achievements by SDF Operations..........................................................................................................274
3. Activities of Dispatched SDF Personnel, Commendation from the World for Japan’s Contribution....276

Section 3. Efforts for International Peace Cooperation ................................................................................286
1. Mechanism for Japan’s Participation in International Peace Cooperation Activities.............................286
2. SDF Participation in International Peace Cooperation Activities in East Timor and Elsewhere...........287
3. International Disaster Relief Operations.................................................................................................293

Section 4. Confidence-Building in the International Community ..................................................................296
1. Security Dialogues and Defense Exchanges ..........................................................................................296
2. Multilateral Exercises ............................................................................................................................309
3. Efforts in Arms Control and Disarmament.............................................................................................310
4. International Efforts to Prevent the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction..............................315

Chapter V People and the Defense Agency/SDF .............................................................329

Section 1. Basis of Defense Capability ..........................................................................................................330
1. Organization and People of the SDF ......................................................................................................330
2. Education and Training...........................................................................................................................344
3. Response to the Information Technology Revolution ............................................................................350
4. Defense Production and Technological Bases........................................................................................353


-----

5. Transparent, Fair, and Efficient Procurement.........................................................................................356
6. Measures for Protection of Classified Information.................................................................................359

Section 2. SDF Activities that Benefit the People .........................................................................................361
1. Activities in Civic Life ...........................................................................................................................361
2. SDF Public Relations..............................................................................................................................366
3. Adequate Operation of Information Disclosure Systems .......................................................................368

Section 3. The Defense Agency, SDF, and Local Communities ....................................................................370
1. Cooperation by Local Governments.......................................................................................................370
2. Harmony between Defense Facilities and the Surrounding Communities.............................................372
3. Environmental Conservation Measures..................................................................................................375
4. Various Measures Concerning the USFJ Facilities and Areas ...............................................................376

Section 4. USFJ Facilities and Areas in Okinawa...........................................................................................380
1. Measures to Cope with Realignment, Consolidation, and Reduction before
the Establishment of SACO....................................................................................................................380
2. Measures to Resolve Issues Relating to USFJ Facilities and Areas since
the Establishment of SACO....................................................................................................................381

Chapter VI The Future of the Defense Agency and the Self-Defense Forces..................403

Section 1. Review of Defense Capabilities ....................................................................................................404
1. Significance and Status of Review .........................................................................................................404
2. Principal Considerations in the Review..................................................................................................404
3. Direction for Future Defense Capabilities..............................................................................................410
4. Future Schedule ......................................................................................................................................413

Section 2. Joint Operations by the GSDF, MSDF, and ASDF...........................................................................415
1. Need to Improve SDF’s Joint Operations Capabilities...........................................................................415
2. Direction of New Joint Operational Posture...........................................................................................416
3. Matters Being Considered by the Defense Agency................................................................................417
4. Force Integration in Other Countries......................................................................................................419

Section 3. Ballistic Missile Defense...............................................................................................................421
1. Japan’s Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) ..............................................................................................421
2. Efforts by Other Countries in Missile Defense and Joint Japan-U.S. Technical Research ....................425
3. Matters for Consideration by Japan........................................................................................................430

Boxes

Chapter I

Global Realignment of U.S. Forces...............................................................................................................20

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
50th Anniversary Feature: Changes in the International Situation (Alliance, etc.).......................................79

Chapter II
Arguments at the Research Commissions on the Constitution about Collective Self-Defense...................106
The Basic Policy for National Defense........................................................................................................107
Armed Attacks Against Japan......................................................................................................................108
A New Helicopter Destroyer and Precision Missile Guidance System.......................................................124
Attacks Against Enemies’ Bases .................................................................................................................125


-----

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
Background of the Establishment of the Defense Agency and SDF,
and So-called “War Potential’ Disputes .................................................................................................149
Defense Build-Up over 50 Years.................................................................................................................151
History of Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements.............................................................................................153

Chapter III
Slogans to Describe GSDF, MSDF, and ASDF Capabilities ......................................................................163
Drills to Combat Guerilla Warfare and Special Forces ...............................................................................176
Joint Exercises with Police ..........................................................................................................................182
Security Training at USFJ Facilities and Sites ............................................................................................184
Biological Weapon Detection Vehicle.........................................................................................................187
Civil Protection Legislation.........................................................................................................................211
Civil Protection............................................................................................................................................214

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
50th Anniversary of Establishment of the Defense Attaché System...........................................................233

Chapter IV
Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq................................................................................................................248
Equipment and Devices Used for Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq............................251
Voices of GSDF Members on the Humanitarian and Reconstruction Mission in Iraq ...............................255
Voices of ASDF Members on the Iraqi Humanitarian and Reconstruction Mission ..................................258
Public Relations for Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq and Other Areas......................261
Looking Back on the Activities of the First Group of the SDF Contingent for Iraqi Reconstruction.........263
MSDF Personnel Engaged in Supportive Action against Terrorism...........................................................279
Voices of SDF Members Dispatched to the U.S. Central Command as Liaison Officers...........................281
Coalition Viewed by an SDF Member Dispatched to the U.S. Central Command as a Liaison Officer ....283

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
Provisions concerning Weapon Use in PKOs and Major Equipment Dispatched.......................................319
Expanding Defense Exchanges....................................................................................................................320

Chapter V
Ranks in the SDF .........................................................................................................................................336
Establishment of a Memorial Zone..............................................................................................................338
Defense Agency/SDF Support for Antarctic Research Expeditions............................................................364
Press Secretaries...........................................................................................................................................367

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
SDF Reserve Personnel System...................................................................................................................387
Recruitment Efforts over the Past 50 Years.................................................................................................388
Changes in Public Views on the SDF and Defense Issues ..........................................................................389
Defense Facility Administration over the Past 50 Years.............................................................................391
50th Anniversary of ASDF..........................................................................................................................393
History of GSDF Uniforms..........................................................................................................................394

Chapter VI
United Nations Standby Arrangements System...........................................................................................414
Joint Operations ...........................................................................................................................................420
Three Principles of Arms Export and International Joint Weapons Development......................................432

**50th Aniversary Special Feature**
50th Anniversary of the Joint Staff Council ................................................................................................433
Publication of the 30th White Paper on Defense.........................................................................................434


-----

Reference ........................................................................................................................................................439

Abbreviations .....................................................................................................................................................596

Laws and Treaties ..............................................................................................................................................605

Organization Diagram of the Self-Defense Forces............................................................................................608

Location of Principal SDF Units.........................................................................................................................609


-----

## Chapter I

##### International Military Situation


Recently, world security has seen many changes:
threats are now being posed not only by states but also
non-state actors, and illegal acts such as terrorism are
increasingly affecting security. Under these conditions,
states are required to change or diversify the role of
their military forces, and new international relations are
being formed centering on the United States, the only
superpower in the world.
In the Asia-Pacific region, territorial disputes and
unification issues remain, activities of international
terrorist organizations are on the rise, and concerns
over weapons of mass destruction are emerging.
In this chapter, security issues that the international
community faces and its responses to these issues are
examined, and the military situation in the Asia-Pacific
region is explained.


Iraqi Interim Government President Ghazi Yawer (right) and Prime Minister Iyad
Allawi attending a ceremony at CPA headquarters (June 2004, Baghdad)

[AFP-Jiji]

Prime Minister Koizumi (left) and North Korean National Defense Commission
Chairman Kim Jong Il (right) shaking hands prior to Japan-North Korea Summit
meeting (May 2004, Pyongyang) [Pooled photo]


-----

## Chapter II

##### Japan’s Defense Policy

In order to ensure peace and security, Japan has endeavored to
establish a more stable security environment in the world through
diplomatic efforts, and to build a sound basis for security by
promoting stability in people’s lives. However, since it is difficult to
ensure security by these efforts alone, Japan adopts watertight
defense measures by, for example, developing, maintaining, and
administrating appropriate self-defense capabilities, as well as
firmly maintaining the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements and
improving their reliability.
Chapter II describes Japan’s security measures, the relationship
between the Constitution and the right of self-defense, basic defense
policies, an outline of the national defense program, improvements
in defense capabilities, and the meaning of the Japan-U.S. Security
Arrangements and the measures implemented in relation to them.

F-15 receiving in-flight fueling from a U.S. jet fighter


AH-1S firing training ammunition

P-3C patrol aircraft carrying out warning and
surveillance over the sea

SH-60K patrol aircraft in engineering/service tests

Latest “TAKANAMI”-type destroyer


SDF personnel consulting with U.S. soldiers in the “NORTHWIND 04”
Japan-U.S. joint exercises


SDF personnel with U.S. soldiers in the “Cope North
Guam 03” Japan-U.S. joint exercises


-----

## Chapter III

##### National Defense and Responses to Various Situations


The SDF mainly tackles national defense issues and prepares
to repel any attempted invasion of the country. However, in
incidents that may significantly influence national peace and
safety or in large-scale disasters, the SDF works with relevant
organizations to maintain and improve its readiness for
immediately and appropriately dealing with a variety of
situations. Such situations include discovery of suspicious
boats, armed agent activities, and terrorism by nuclear,
biological, and chemical weapons.
In additions to three laws to respond to situations of Armed
Attack and other situations enacted in 2003, enactment of
seven further laws to respond to situations of Armed Attack
and other situations and the conclusion of three related
conventions following submissions to the Diet in 2004 meant
the establishment of a legal infrastructure to deal with the most
important situations, such as Armed Attacks, for the peace and
safety of the country and its citizens.
In this chapter, typical operations that the SDF may carry
out, frameworks for diverse situations, and efforts for
legislation to respond to situations of Armed Attack and other
situations will be explained.

A rescue helicopter (UH-60J) in a mountain rescue drill


A fighter-interceptor (F-15J) launching an airto-air missile

ASROC (anti-submarine torpedo) launched
from a destroyer

SDF personnel engaged in a street-fighting
drill to deal with guerillas and special task
forces

SDF personnel wearing protective clothing
against chemicals

SDF personnel engaged in machine gun
training


-----

## Chapter IV

##### Efforts to Ensure Peace and Security in the International Community


Efforts to ensure peace and security in the international
community are one of the important activities of the Defense
Agency and the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) in terms of Japan’s
contribution to building a more stable security environment in
the world.
The Defense Agency and the SDF have been providing a
variety of support and assistance activities to help promote the
reconstruction of Iraq in line with the Humanitarian Relief and
Iraqi Reconstruction Special Measures Law. The Defense
Agency and the SDF perform a variety of activities, including
responding to international terrorism activities in the wake of
the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States,
participating in U.N. peacekeeping operations, assisting
international disaster relief activities in response to large-scale
natural disasters abroad, participating in confidence-building
security dialogues and defense interchanges with foreign
defense and military officials, and working on efforts toward
armament management and disarmament.
This chapter explains the significance and achievements of
these activities of the Defense Agency and the SDF.

MSDF personnel engaging in refueling a U.S. warship aboard the supply ship Tokiwa


Minister of State for Defense Ishiba presents a flag to the
Commander of ASDF’s Air Support Command

GSDF Chief of Staff Massaki (left) takes a first-hand look at
Iraqi reconstruction operations by the first GSDF
contingent for such a mission

C-130H transport plane unloading aid goods and materials
for victims of a large earthquake in southeastern Iran

Scene of Asia-Pacific Security Seminar sponsored by the
National Institute for Defense Studies (National Institute
for Defense Studies)

SDF personnel issuing instructions for maritime refueling
on the deck of an MSDF ship


-----

## Chapter V

##### People and the Defense Agency/SDF


It is important to win the understanding and support of the general
public on a regular basis and to establish human and material bases
through the promotion of education, training of personnel, and
securing of equipment for the Defense Agency and the SelfDefense Forces (SDF) in order to defend the country, respond to
various situations, and fulfill other duties effectively.
Such bases have been established through various relationships
with people, local communities, and private companies. As part of
their support for people’s livelihood, the Defense Agency and SDF
contribute toward making people’s lives safe and secure by
disposing of dangerous objects. In return, local governments
cooperate with the Defense Agency and SDF in the form of
recruitment and reemployment support. Moreover, the facilities of
the SDF and U.S. forces stationed in Japan can be conveniently
used only with understanding and cooperation of the Japanese
people.
This chapter will describe various bases that support Japan’s
defense capability and relationships between the Defense
Agency/SDF and the general public.

MSDF Officer Candidate School graduates marching


Female college students who participated in an
enlistment experience program and SDF
personnel

U.S. carrier-based aircraft performing landing
practices on Iwo Jima Island

ASDF officer candidates receiving computer education


Personnel of the GSDF 302nd Security Company acting as guards of
honor for a foreign VIP


Retired ASDF personnel working at a private company


-----

## Chapter VI

##### The Future of the Defense Agency and the Self-Defense Forces


The Defense Agency is engaged in extensive studies on future defense
posture in working to ensure defense capabilities truly suited to Japan’s
national security in the 21st century.
Japan must become a country able to stand firm in the face of crisis
while allowing its citizens to live in safety and with peace of mind, and
must fulfill its responsibilities in ensuring the prerequisite peace and
safety of the international community.
This chapter discusses the principal matters for consideration in the
Defense Agency’s studies on defense posture as well as the direction of,
and schedule for, the development of future defense capabilities. Also
examined are the approach to joint operations that has become a key
issue in Japan’s defense posture review and the ballistic missile defense
system approved for introduction by the government last year.

Collapse of the World Trade Center
Building [AFP-Jiji]

Aegis vessel Myoko


Meeting of Joint Staff Council


Emergency nighttime recovery of stranded
U.N. vehicle by SDF transport personnel
during the 16th Golan Heights Mission

PATRIOT missile

Missile test of U.S.’ sea-based Aegis
system [AFP-Jiji]


-----

**Defense Chronology**

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1945|||Aug 15 Aug 17 Sep 2 Oct 9 Oct 15 Nov 30|World War II ends Higashikuni Cabinet formed GHQ established Shidehara Cabinet formed General Staff Office and Military Command abolished Army and Navy Ministries abolished|Oct 24|United Nations established|
|1946|||Jan 27 Feb 26 Apr 5 Apr 24 May 3 May 22 Nov 3|GHQ orders the suspension of Japanese administrative right over Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands Far East Commission formed First meeting of Allied Council on Japan Civil administration of Okinawa established International Military Tribunal for the Far East opened Yoshida Cabinet formed Constitution of Japan promulgated|Jan 10 Mar 5 Oct 1 Dec 19|First session of U.N. General Assembly (London, through February 14) Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech International War Crimes Tribunal in Nuremberg delivers verdicts First Indochina War starts|
|1947|||May 3 Jun 1 Dec 17|Constitution of Japan takes effect Katayama Cabinet formed Police Law promulgated (National Rural Police and municipal police forces established)|Mar 12 Jun 5 Oct 5|Truman Doctrine announced The Marshall Plan announced Comintern established|
|1948|||Mar 10 Apr 27 Oct 15 Nov 12|Ashida Cabinet formed Japan Coast Guard Law promulgated Yoshida Cabinet formed International Military Tribunal for the Far East delivers verdicts|Apr 1 May 14 Jun 26 Aug 15 Sep 9|USSR imposes Berlin blockade (through May 12, 1949) First Middle East War starts (through February 24, 1949) Berlin airlift starts Republic of Korea (ROK) established Democratic People’s Republic of Korea established|
|1949|||Jul 5 Jul 15 Aug 17|Shimoyama incident Mitaka incident Matsukawa incident|Jan 25 Apr 4 Apr 21 May 6 Sep 24 Oct 1|COMECON established North Atlantic Treaty signed by 12 nations (becomes effective August 24) Nationalist-Communist talks break up; Chinese Communist Army launches general offensive Federal Republic of Germany established (West Germany) USSR declared possession of atomic bomb People’s Republic of China established|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1949|||||Oct 7 Dec 7|German Democratic Republic established (East Germany) Chinese Nationalist Party takes refuge in Taiwan|
|1950|Jul 8 Aug 10 Aug 13 Aug 14 Sep 7|General MacArthur authorizes the establishment of the National Police Reserve, consisting of 75,000 men, and the expansion of the Japan Coast Guard by 8,000 men National Police Reserve Ordinance promulgated and put into effect Ordinary personnel recruitment for the National Police Reserve begins Masuhara appointed first Director-General of the national Police Reserve National Police Reserve headquarters moves from the National Police Agency headquarters to Etchujima|Jun 21 Nov 24|John Foster Dulles, adviser to the U.S. Department of State, visits Japan U.S. announces the seven principles for concluding a peach treaty with Japan|Jan 27 Feb 17 Jun 25 Jul 7 Sep 15 Oct 25 Dec 18|U.S. signs MSA agreement with NATO countries China-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance signed Korean War (ends July 27, 1953) United Nations Force formed for dispatch to Korea U.N. troops land at Inchon Chinese Communist volunteers join Korean War NATO Defense Commission agrees to establishment of NATO Forces|
|1951|Jan 23 Mar 1 Oct 20|Minister of State Ohashi takes charge of the National Police Reserve Special recruitment of Military and Naval Academy graduates to serve as police officers 1st and 2nd class begins Ozuki unit dispatched for the first time on a rescue- relief operation to Kita Kawachi Village, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in the wake of Typhoon Ruth|Jan 29 Sep 8 Oct 26|First Yoshida-Dulles talks (peace treaty negotiations) 49 countries sign Peach Treaty with Japan Japn-U.S. Security Treaty concluded House of Representatives approves Peace Treaty and Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (House of Councillors approval given November 18)|Aug 30 Sep 1|U.S.-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty signed Australia-New Zealand-U.S. sign ANZUS Treaty|
|1952|Feb 28 Apr 26 Jul 26 Jul 31 Aug 1 Oct 15|Japan-U.S. Administrative Agreement signed Maritime Guard established within the Japan Coast Guard Japan-U.S. Facilities and Areas Agreement signed National Safety Agency Law promulgated National Safety Agency established Prime Minister Yoshida concurrently appointed Director-General of the National Safety Agency Coastal Safety Force inaugurated National Safety Force inaugurated|Apr 28 May 1 Jul 21|Japan-Taiwan Peace Treaty concluded Japan-U.S. Peace Treaty and Japan-U.S. Security Treaty enter into force Far East Commission, Allied Council, and GHQ abolished May Day riot at Imperial Palace Plaza Subversive Activities Prevention Law promulgated and enters into force|Jan 18 May 26 May 27 Oct 3 Nov 1|ROK proclaims sovereignty over neighboring ocean areas (Rhee Line) U.S.-U.K.-France sign peace agreement with Germany European Defense Community (EDC) Treaty signed U.K. carries out its first atomic bomb test U.S. carries out its first hydrogen bomb test|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1952|Oct 30|Kimura appointed Director- General of the National Safety Agency|||||
|1953|Jan 1 Apr 1 Oct 30|Security Advisory Group in Japan inaugurated National Safety Academy (predecessor of National Defense Academy) established Ikeda-Robertson talks; joint statement issued on gradual increase in self- defense strength|Aug 1 Dec 25|Weapons Production Law promulgated Japanese administrative rule over Amami Islands restored|Mar 5 Jul 27 Aug 12 Oct 1|USSR General Secretary Stalin dies Truce signed in Korean War USSR carries out its first hydrogen bomb test U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty signed|
|1954|Mar 8 May 14 Jun 2 Jun 9 Jul 1 Dec 10|Mutual Defense Assistance (MDA) agreement signed Japan-U.S. sign Land Lease Agreement on naval vessels House of Councillors passes resolution prohibiting dispatch of troops overseas Promulgation of Defense Agency Establishment Law, Self-Defense Forces Law and Protection of National Secrecy Law pertaining to the MDA Defense Agency established; Ground, Maritime and Air Self-Defense Forces inaugurated Omura appointed Minister of State for Defense|Mar 1 Dec 10|Daigo Fukuryu maru (Lucky Dragon V) incident Hatoyama Cabinet formed|Mar 1 Jul 21 Sep 3 Sep 8 Dec 2|U.S. carries out hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll Geneva Agreement on armistice in Indochina signed Chinese People’s Liberation Army shells Quemoy and Matsu for the first time South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) formed by signing of collective defense pact U.S.-Taiwan Mutual Defense Treaty signed|
|1955|Mar 19 May 6 Jul 31 Nov 22|Sugihara appointed Minister of State for Defense Live shell fire by U.S. forces at Kita Fuji Maneuver Area; opposition to firing intensifies Sunada appointed Minister of State for Defense Funada appointed Minister of State for Defense|May 8 Aug 6 Aug 31 Nov 14 Dec 19|Protests begin at Sunagawa Base First World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs held at Hiroshima Shigemitsu-Dulles meeting; joint statement issued on revision of Japan-U.S. Security Treaty Japan-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement signed Atomic Energy Basic Law promulgated|Apr 18 May 5 May 14|Africa-Asia conference held at Bandung West Germany formally admitted to NATO Signing of Warsaw Pact|
|1956|Jan 30 Mar 22 Mar 23|Japan-U.S. joint statement on reduction of Japan’s share of defense spending Japan-U.S. Technical Agreement relating to sharing of knowledge on patents and technology signed in accordance with MDA Defense Agency moved to Kasumiga-seki|Feb 9 Oct 19 Dec 18 Dec 23|House of Representatives passes resolution to ban atomic and hydrogen bomb tests (House of Councillors, February 10) Joint declaration on restoration of Japanese- Soviet relations Japan joins the U.N. Ishibashi Cabinet formed|Feb 14 Apr 17 Jul 26 Oct 23|Stalin criticized at the 20th Congress of Soviet Communist Party in Moscow; Khruschev proclaims policy of peaceful co-existence with the West USSR announces dissolution of Comintern Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal Hungarian Revolution|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1956|Jul 2 Sep 20 Dec 23|National Defense Council Composition Law promulgated First domestically-produced F-86F fighter delivered Prime Minister Ishibashi concurrently becomes Minister of State for Defense|||Oct 29|Second Middle East War (Suez War) (through November 6)|
|1957|Jan 31 Feb 2 May 20 Jun 14 Jun 21 Jul 10|Acting Prime Minister Kishi concurrently becomes, ad interim, Minister of State for Defense Kotaki appointed Minister of State for Defense Basic Guidelines for National Defense adopted by the National Defense Council and the Cabinet First Defense Build-up Plan adopted by the National Defense Council and approved by the Cabinet Kishi-Eisenhower talks; joint statement on the early withdrawal of the USFJ issued Tsushima appointed Minister of State of Defense|Feb 25 Mar 15 Aug 6|Kishi Cabinet formed House of Councillors passes resolution to ban atomic and hydrogen bombs Japan-U.S. Security Council inaugurated|May 15 Aug 26 Oct 4 Nov 23|U.K. conducts its first hydrogen bomb test USSR announces successful ICBM test USSR launches the world’s first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1 World Congress of Communist Parties issues the Moscow Declaration|
|1958|Jan 14 Feb 17 Jun 12|First ocean training exercises (Hawaii, through February 28) ASDF begins measures to counter invasions of territorial airspace Sato appointed Minister of State for Defense|Apr 18 Sep 11 Oct 4|House of Representatives passes resolution to ban atomic and hydrogen bombs Fujiyama-Dulles talks (Washington); agreement on revision of the Japan- U.S. Security Treaty Commencement of Japan- U.S. talks on the revision of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty|Oct 23 Dec 17|Dulles talks with Chiang Kai- shek; joint statement issued denying counteroffensive against mainland China U.S. test-launches Atlas ICBM|
|1959|Jan 12 Jun 18|Ino appointed Minister of State for Defense Akagi appointed Minister of State for Defense|Mar 30 Dec 16|Tokyo District Court ruled the stationing of U.S. forces to be unconstitutional in the Sunagawa case Original ruling in the Sunagawa case was reversed by the Supreme Court|Aug 25 Sep 18 Sep 27 Dec 1|China-Indian border dispute Soviet Premier Khrushchev proposes total and complete disarmament at U.N. U.S.-Soviet summit; joint statement issued at Camp David Antarctica Treaty signed|
|1960|Jan 11 Jul 19 Dec 8|Defense Agency moves to Hinoki-cho Esaki appointed Minister of State for Defense Nishimura appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jan 19 Jul 19|New Japan-U.S. Security Treaty signed (goes into force June 23) Ikeda Cabinet formed|Feb 13 May 1 Jul 20|France conducts its first nuclear test U-2 reconnaissance plane belonging to U.S. shot down in Soviet airspace U.S. conducts successful underwater launch of Polaris SLBM|


-----

|Year|Col2|Defense|Col4|Domestic|Col6|International|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1960|||||Dec 20|Formation of the South Viet Nam National Liberation Front|
|1961|Jan 13 Jul 18|National Defense Council decides to reorganize GSDF units (into 13 divisions); presented to Cabinet January 20 Fujieda appointed Minister of State for Defense Second Defense Build-up Plan adopted by National Defense Council and Cabinet|||May 16 Jul 6 Jul 11 Aug 13|Military junta seizes power in coup d’état in ROK Soviet-North Korea Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed China-North Korea Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed Construction of Berlin Wall|
|1962|Jul 18 Nov 1 Nov 9|Shiga appointed Minister of State for Defense Defense Facilities Administration Agency established Shiga visits U.S. for first time as Minister of State for Defense (through November 26)|||Oct 20 Oct 24 Oct 28|Chinese-Indian border dispute (through November 22) U.S. Navy imposes sea blockade of Cuba (through November 20) USSR General Secretary Khruschev declares dismantling of missile bases in Cuba|
|1963|Jul 18|Fukuda appointed Minister of State for Defense|Aug 14|Japan joins to Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|Jun 20 Aug 14|Agreement signed for U.S.- Soviet hotline Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed by U.S.-USSR-U.K. (comes into force on Oct 10)|
|1964|Jul 18|Koizumi appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jun 15 Nov 9 Nov 12|Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty comes into force for Japan Sato Cabinet formed U.S. nuclear submarine (Sea Dragon) enters a Japanese port (Sasebo) for the first time|Aug 2 Oct 16|Gulf of Tonkin incident China successfully carries out its first nuclear test|
|1965|Feb 10 Jun 3 Nov 20|Diet debate on Mitsuya study Matsuno appointed Minister of State for Defense Icebreaker Fuji leaves on first mission to assist Antarctic observation (through April 8, 1966)|Jun 22|Japan-ROK Basic Treaty signed|Feb 7 Sep 1|U.S. starts bombing Viet Nam Second India-Pakistan conflict (through September 22)|
|1966|Aug 1 Nov 29 Dec 3|Kambayashiyama appointed Minister of State for Defense Outline of Third Defense Build-up Plan adopted by National Defense Council and Cabinet Masuda appointed Minister of State for Defense|||May 16 Jul 1 Oct 27|Cultural Revolution starts in China France withdraws from the NATO command China carries out its first successful nuclear missile test|
|1967|Mar 13|Key matters for inclusion in Third Defense Build-up Plan agreed by National Defense Council; adopted by Cabinet on March 14|Mar 29|Sapporo District Court rules in Eniwa Case|Jun 5|Third Middle East War (through June 9) China carries out its first successful hydrogen bomb test Formation of European Community (EC)|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1967|||||Aug 8|Formation of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)|
|1968|Nov 30|Arita appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jan 19 Jun 26|U.S. nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (Enterprise) enters a Japanese port (Sasebo) for the first time Ogasawara Islands revert to Japan|Jan 23 May 13 Jul 1 Aug 20 Aug 24|Seizure of U.S. Navy intelligence vessel Pueblo by North Korea First formal Vietnamese peace talks held in Paris Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed Soviet and Eastern European troops invade Czechoslovakia France carries out its first hydrogen bomb test in the South Pacific|
|1969|Jan 10|National Defense Council decision to produce 104 F-4E aircraft domestically, approved by Cabinet|Nov 21|Sato-Nixon joint statement (extension of Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, return of Okinawa to Japan by 1972)|Mar 2 Jun 10 Jul 25|Armed clashes between Chinese and Soviet forces on Chenpao Island (Damansky Island) South Viet Nam announces establishment of Provisional Revolutionary Government Nixon Doctrine announced|
|1970|Jan 14 Oct 20|Nakasone appointed Minister of State for Defense Publication of “The Defense of Japan,” the first white paper on defense|Feb 3 Feb 11 Mar 31 Jun 23 Nov 25|Japan signs Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty First domestically produced artificial satellite successfully launched Yodo hijacking Automatic extension of Japan-U.S. Security Treaty Yukio Mishima commits suicide by ritual disembowelment at the GSDF Eastern Army Headquarters in Ichigaya|Jan 24 Mar 5 Aug 12|Formation of integrated Warsaw pact forces (involving seven countries) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty comes into force West Germany-USSR sign non-aggression pact|
|1971|Jun 29 Jul 5 Jul 30 Aug 2 Dec 3|Okinawa Defense Agreement (Kubo-Curtis Agreement) signed Masuhara appointed Minister of State for Defense All Nippon Airways plane collides with SDF aircraft (Shizukuishi) Nishimura appointed Minister of State for Defense Ezaki appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jun 17 Nov 24|Agreement on the Return of Okinawa signed House of Representatives resolution on non-nuclear weapons|Feb 11 Sep 30 Oct 25 Dec 3|Signing of treaty forbidding the use of the seabed for military purposes U.S.-USSR sign agreement on measures to reduce the danger of nuclear war U.N. General Assembly adopts resolution to admit China and expel Taiwan Third India-Pakistan conflict (through December 17)|
|1972|Feb 7|National Defense Council adopts Outline of 4th Five- Year Defense Build-up Plan, approved by Cabinet on February 8|Jan 7 Apr 10 May 15|Sato-Nixon joint statement on the agreement of the return of Okinawa and the reduction of bases Japan signs Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) Return of Okinawa|Feb 28|President Nixon visits China; China-U.S. Joint Communiqué|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1972|Apr 17 Jul 7 Oct 9|National Defense Council decision on SDF deployment in Okinawa, presented to Cabinet on April 18 Masuhara appointed Minister of State for Defense National Defense Council determines key matters for inclusion in Fourth Defense Build-up Plan and measures to enhance civilian control, adopted by Cabinet|Jul 7 Sep 29|Tanaka Cabinet formed Prime Minister Tanaka visits China; normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China|Apr 10 May 26 Jul 3 Dec 21|Signing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction SALT-I and agreement to limit ABM signed on the visit of President Nixon to USSR India-Pakistan truce signed East-West Germany Basic Treaty signed|
|1973|Jan 23 Feb 1 May 30 Jul 1|14th Japan-U.S. Security Consultative Committee meeting agrees on consolidation of U.S. bases in Japan (Kanto Program) Defense Agency publishes Peacetime Defense Strength Yamanaka appointed Minister of State for Defense Commencement of SDF air defense mission on Okinawa|Sep 7 Sep 21 Oct 8|Sapporo District Court rules SDF unconstitutional (Naganuma Judgement) Japan-North Viet Nam establish diplomatic relations Japan-Soviet summit (Moscow)|Jan 27 Mar 29 Jun 22 Oct 6 Oct 17|Viet Nam peace agreement signed (cease-fire takes effect on January 28) U.S. forces complete their withdrawal from Viet Nam General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Soviet Union visits U.S., convention on the prevention of nuclear war signed Fourth Middle East War (ends October 25) Ten OPEC countries decide to reduce crude oil supplies|
|1974|Apr 25 Nov 12 Dec 9|National defense Medical College opens Uno appointed Minister of State for Defense Sakata appointed Minister of State for Defense|Dec 9|Miki Cabinet formed|May 18 Jul 3|India carries out its first underground nuclear test President Nixon visits USSR, Treaty on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests (Threshold Test Ban Treaty) signed|
|1975|Aug 29|Japan-U.S. defense summit meeting (Sakata- Schlesinger, Tokyo)|||Mar 26 Apr 30 Aug 1 Nov 15|Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) enters into force Fall of Saigon, South Vietnamese Government surrenders unconditionally Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) adopts the Helsinki Declaration (Helsinki) First summit meeting of most industrialized nations (Rambouillet, through November 17), since held annually|
|1976|Jun 4 Jul 8|Publication of second white paper on defense, “The Defense of Japan” (henceforth published annually) Sub-Committee for Defense Cooperation|Jun 8 Dec 24|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty comes into force for Japan Fukuda Cabinet formed|Jul 2 Aug 18 Sep 9|Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (unified Viet Nam) proclaimed U.S. military officers slain at Panmunjom Death of Chairman of Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1976|Sep 6 Oct 29 Nov 5 Dec 24|MIG-25 forced to land at Hakodate Airport National Defense Council and Cabinet adopt National Defense Program Outline National Defense Council and Cabinet adopt Immediate-term Defense Build-up Program Mihara appointed Minister of State for Defense|||||
|1977|Apr 15 Nov 28 Dec 28|Establishment of systematic defense programs Kanemaru appointed Minister of State for Defense National Defense Council decides on introduction of “F-15s and P-3Cs,” approved by Cabinet on December 29|Jul 1|Implementation of two maritime laws, proclaiming a 200-mile fishing zone and 12-mile territorial waters|Jun 30 Aug 1|South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) dissolved (Treaty remains effective) North Korea establishes military demarcation lines in Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea|
|1978|Sep 21 Nov 27 Dec 7|Defense Agency announces modality and purpose of emergency legislation study (ASDF) First Japan-U.S. joint training exercises (east of Misawa and west of Akita, through December 1) Japan-U.S. Security Consultative Committee approves Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Cooperation, presented to and approved by Cabinet following deliberation by the National Defense Council on November 28 Yamashita appointed Minister of State for Defense|Aug 12 Dec 7|Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People’s Republic of China signed in Beijing Ohira Cabinet formed|Sep 7 Dec 16 Dec 25|Camp David Agreement U.S.-Taiwan Mutual Defense Treaty annulled Vietnamese troops invade Cambodia|
|1979|Jan 11 Jul 17 Jul 25 Nov 90|Introduction of E-2C approved by National Defense Council and Cabinet Announcement of Mid-Term Defense Estimate (FY1980–FY1984) Minister of State for Defense Yamashita makes first visit to ROK as an incumbent Minister (through July 26) Kubota appointed Minister of State for Defense|Nov 9|Second Ohira Cabinet formed|Jan 1 Jan 7 Feb 1 Feb 17 Mar 26 Jun 18 Oct 26 Dec 27|U.S. and China normalize diplomatic relations Fall of Phnom Penh, establishment of Heng Samrin regime announced Islamic Revolution takes place in Iran China-Viet Nam conflict (through March 5) Egypt-Israel peace treaty signed SALT-II signed Assassination of ROK President Park Chung Hee Soviet Union invades Afghanistan|
|1980|Feb 4|Hosoda appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jul 17|Suzuki Cabinet formed|Apr 11|China-Soviet Treaty on Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance lapses|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1980|Feb 26 Jul 17|Maritime Self-Defense Force takes part in RIMPAC for the first time (through March 18) Omura appointed Minister of State for Defense|Dec 1|Ministerial council on comprehensive national security established|May 18 Sep 22|China tests an ICBM in the direction of the South Pacific for the first time Iran and Iraq enter into full-fledged war|
|1981|Apr 22 Oct 1 Nov 30|Defense Agency announces classification of the laws and regulations subject to the Studies on Emergency Legislation (GSDF) First Japan-U.S. joint exercises (in communications) staged at Higashi Fuji Maneuver Area (until October 3) Ito appointed Minister of State for Defense|Nov 30|Reshuffled Suzuki Cabinet formed|Dec 13|Poland declares martial law, and establishes the Army Council of National Salvation|
|1982|Feb 15 May 15 Jul 23 Nov 27|(GSDF) First Japan-U.S. combined command post exercise staged (Takigahara, through February 19) Use of some sections of land within installations and areas located in Okinawa starts under the Special Land Lease Law 1981 Mid-Term Defense Estimate (for FY 1983– FY 1987) presented to and approved by National Defense Council Tanigawa appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jun 8 Jun 9 Sep 9 Nov 27|BWC enters into force in Japan Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), Protocols I, II and III concluded Supreme Court ruled on Naganuma Nike Missile Base Case Nakasone Cabinet formed|Apr 2 Jun 6 Jun 29 Oct 16|Falklands dispute (ends June 14) Israeli forces invade Lebanon Commencement of Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START-I) U.S.- Soviet Union (Geneva) Successful underwater launch of an SLBM by China|
|1983|Jan 14 Dec 12 Dec 27|Government decides to pave the way for the transfer of military technologies to the U.S. (ASDF) First Japan-U.S. combined command post exercise staged (Fuchu, through December 15) Kurihara appointed Minister of State for Defense|Dec 2 Dec 27|CCW Protocols I, II and III enter into force in Japan Second Nakasone Cabinet formed|Mar 23 Sep 1 Oct 9 Oct 25|U.S. President Reagan announces Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) KAL passenger liner shot down by Soviet fighters over Sakhalin 19 ROK government officials, including cabinet ministers, killed in Burma by North Korean terrorist explosion U.S. and six Caribbean nations send troops to Grenada|
|1984|Jun 11 Oct 16 Nov 1|(MSDF) First Japan-U.S. combined command post exercise staged (Yokosuka, through June 15) Defense Agency announces procedures etc. of future Studies on Emergency Legislation in “Studies on Legislation to Deal with Emergencies” Kato appointed Minister of State for Defense|Nov 1|Reshuffled second Nakasone Cabinet formed|||


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1985|Sep 18 Dec 27|Mid-Term Defense Program approved by National Defense Council and Cabinet Detailed arrangements for the supply of military technologies to the U.S. concluded|Aug 12 Dec 28|Japan Airlines aircraft crashes Reshuffled second Nakasone Cabinet formed|Feb 1 Mar 11 Mar 12 Jun 4|New Zealand refuses to allow U.S. destroyer Buchanan to enter port Mikhail Gorbachev installed as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party U.S.-Soviet Union arms control talks begin China announces cut of one million personnel from the People’s Liberation Army|
|1986|Feb 24 Jul 1 Jul 22 Sep 5 Oct 27 Dec 30|First Japan-U.S. integrated command post exercise (through February 28) Security Council Establishment Law enacted Kurihara appointed Minister of State for Defense Government approves the first transfer of military technology to the U.S. First Japan-U.S. integrated field exercises staged (through October 31) Security Council of Japan and Cabinet approve plans for dealing with the Immediate-term Defense Build-up Program authorized by the Cabinet on November 5, 1976 and included in the FY 1987 budget|July 22|Third Nakasone Cabinet formed|Apr 26 Aug 10 Sep 22 Oct 11|Accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union U.S. announces termination of its obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS Treaty Conference on Disarmament in Europe (CDE) adopts final documents (Stockholm) U.S.-Soviet Union summit talks (Reykjavik, through October 12)|
|1987|Jan 24 Jan 30 Nov 6 Dec 18|Security Council of Japan and Cabinet agree on a program for the future build-up of defense capacity Special Measures Agreement concerning the cost sharing of the stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan signed (effective June 1) Kawara appointed Minister of State for Defense Security Council of Japan approves a study on the state of air defense on the high seas|May 27 May 28 Aug 26 Oct 6 Nov 6|Metropolitan Police Department arrests two employees of Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., in connection with unfair exports that breach the rules of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Strategic Export Controls (COCOM) to Communist areas Supreme Court ruled on case of seeking the repeal of administrative measures relating to the Nihonbara training area Law Concerning the Dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief Teams enacted First Japan-U.S. Meeting on COCOM held (Tokyo, through October 7) Takeshita Cabinet formed|Nov 29 Dec 8|KAL airliner blown up by North Korean terrorists while flying over the Bay of Bengal INF Treaty signed|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1988|Mar 2 Apr 12 Jul 23 Aug 24 Nov 29|Revised protocol of the Special Measures Agreement concerning the cost sharing of the stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan signed (effective June 1) Signing of official documents for the transfer of military technologies in certain areas of defense from the U.S. to Japan under the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement between the two countries Submarine and civilian fishing boat in collision (off Yokosuka) Tazawa appointed Minister of State for Defense Japanese and U.S. Governments sign memorandum and detailed arrangements relating to FS-X joint development|Mar 13 Jun 1 Dec 27|Aomori-Hakodate Undersea Tunnel opens Supreme Court rules on an appeal against the enshrining of an SDF officer killed in an accident Second Takeshita Cabinet formed|Mar 14 May 29 Aug 17 Aug 20 Dec 7|Armed clashes between China and Viet Nam in the waters around the Spratly Islands U.S.-Soviet Union summit talks (Moscow, through June 1, instruments of ratification of INF Treaty exchanged) First joint verification of an underground nuclear test carried out by U.S. and Soviet Union (Nevada) Cease-fire agreement reached in Iran-Iraq War General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev delivers speech to the U.N. on the decommissioning of 500,000 Soviet troops|
|1989|Jan 27 Jun 3 Aug 10|Establishment of a commission for the study of defense capability Yamazaki appointed Minister of State for Defense Matsumoto appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jan 7 Feb 24 Jun 3 Jun 20 Aug 10|Emperor Showa dies Emperor Showa’s funeral Uno Cabinet formed Supreme Court rules on the Hyakuri Base action Kaifu Cabinet formed|Feb 15 May 17 Jun 4 Nov 9 Dec 2|Soviet Union completes the withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan China-Soviet summit (Beijing): state-to-state and government-to-government relations normalized Gorbachev announces the reduction of the Soviet Far East forces by 120,000 (Beijing) Tiananmen Square incident GDR permits free departures to the West (virtual demolition of the Berlin Wall) U.S.-Soviet summit talks (Malta, through December 3)|
|1990|Feb 28 Jun 19 Jun 21|Ishikawa appointed Minister of State for Defense Japan-U.S. Joint Committee confirms that the two countries will push ahead with procedures to coordinate the return of facilities by U.S. forces (23 items) in Okinawa Japan and the U.S. reach agreement in principle on the establishment of a ministerial conference on security|Feb 28 Aug 30 Sep 14 Oct 16|Second Kaifu Cabinet formed Government decides to donate US$1 billion to efforts to restore peace in the Gulf region Government pledges an additional US$1 billion of economic aid toward efforts to restore peace in the Gulf region plus US$2 billion to countries adjacent to the conflict Bill on Cooperation with United Nations Peacekeeping Operations submitted to Diet|Aug 2 Sep 30 Oct 3 Nov 19|Iraq invades Kuwait Soviet Union-ROK establish diplomatic relations German unification CFE Treaty and 22-Nation Joint Declaration, signing of Paris Charter Signing of CSBM Vienna document|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1990|Dec 20 Dec 29|Mid-Term Defense Program (FY 1991–FY 1995) approved by the National Security Council and the Cabinet Ikeda appointed Minister of State for Defense|Nov 10 Nov 12|Bill on Cooperation with United Nations Peacekeeping Operations annulled Coronation of Emperor|||
|1991|Jan 14 Jan 25 Apr 26 Jun 3 Oct 9 Nov 5|New Special Measures Agreement concerning the cost sharing of the stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan signed (effective April 17) Cabinet approves ordinance on interim measures for the airlifting of Gulf Crisis refugees (promulgated and enacted on January 29) Total of six MSDF vessels, including minesweepers, depart for the Persian Gulf Disaster relief dispatch with the eruption of Fugendake on Mount Unzen (through December 16, 1995) SDF personnel join U.N. teams carrying out inspections on Iraq chemical weapons for the first time Miyashita appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jan 17 Jan 24 Nov 5|Cabinet approves the establishment of the Gulf Crisis Countermeasures Headquarters Government pledges an additional US$9 billion to efforts to restore peace in the Gulf region Miyazawa Cabinet formed|Jan 17 Feb 24 Feb 28 Mar 31 Jun 25 Jul 10 Jul 31 Sep 6 Sep 17 Dec 8|Coalition forces launch air attacks against Kuwait and Iraq, Operation Desert Storm Coalition forces ground troops advance on Kuwait and Iraq Coalition forces cease combat action against Iraq Warsaw Pact structures dismantled Croatian and Slovenian Republics secede from Yugoslavia Russian President Yeltsin takes office U.S.-Soviet leaders sign START-I in Moscow Soviet State Council approves independence of three Baltic states ROK and North Korea simultaneously admitted to the U.N. CIS agreement signed by leaders of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine at summit|
|1992|Apr 1 Sep 17 Dec 11 Dec 18|Custody of Government aircraft (B-747) transferred to the Defense Agency SDF units dispatched to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (through September 26, 1993) Nakayama appointed Minister of State for Defense Security Council of Japan and Cabinet authorize modification of the Mid- Term Defense Program (FY 1991–FY 1995)|Jun 29 Aug 10 Oct 23|Law Revising Part of the Law Concerning the Dispatch of International Disaster Relief Teams comes into force International Peace Cooperation Law comes into force Emperor and Empress visit China (through October 28)|Feb 7 Feb 25 May 25 Jun 16 Jul 2 Aug 24 Nov 9|EC countries sign the European Union Treaty (Maastricht Treaty) China promulgates and enacts Territorial Waters Act, designating the Senkaku Islands as an integral part of China IAEA officials make the first designated inspection of North Korea’s nuclear facilities (through June 5) Massive cuts in strategic arms agreed at U.S.-Russia summit in Washington (through June 17) U.S. President Bush announces completion of the withdrawal to the U.S. of ground- or sea-based tactical nuclear weapons deployed overseas China-ROK establish diplomatic relations CFE Treaty becomes formally effective|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1992|||||Nov 24|U.S. completes withdrawal of its Armed Forces from the Philippines|
|1993|May 11 Jul 12 Aug 9 Oct 13 Dec 2|SDF units dispatched to the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) (through January 8 1995) Disaster relief teams dispatched to Hokkaido in response to the earthquake off southwestern Hokkaido (through August 12) Nakanishi appointed Minister of State for Defense Japan-Russia agreement on prevention of marine accidents signed Aichi appointed Minister of State for Defense|Jan 13 Feb 25 Jun 9 Aug 9 Sep 9|Japan signs CWC Supreme Court ruled on the first and second suits relating to jet noise at Yokota Air Base Wedding ceremony of His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince Hosokawa Cabinet formed Supreme Court ruled on an appeal seeking a ban on the continued construction work for Ikego housing for use by U.S. Forces|Jan 3 Jan 13 Mar 12 May 29 Jun 11 Sep 1 Sep 13 Oct 3 Nov 1|U.S.-Russia summit (Moscow); START-II signed Signing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction North Korea announces secession from NPT North Korea conducts ballistic missile test over the central Sea of Japan North Korea reserves the right to withdraw from the NPT in a joint statement issued during first round of U.S.-North Korea consultations U.S. Defense Department announces the Bottom Up Review Israel and PLO sign a declaration of the principles of provisional autonomy Armed clashes between UNOSOM II and armed Somali factions result in the deaths of 18 U.S. soldiers and a number of casualties European Union established|
|1994|Mar 1 Apr 28 Jun 30 Sep 17 Nov 9 Dec 1|First Japan-China security dialogue (Beijing) Kanda appointed Minister of State for Defense Tamazawa appointed Minister of State for Defense SDF units dispatched to Zaire to assist Rwandan refugees (through December 28) First Japan-ROK working- level defense policy dialogue (Seoul) First Asia-Pacific Security Seminar (under the auspices of the National Institute for Defense Studies, through December 17)|Mar 30 Apr 28 Jun 30 Dec 26|Tokyo High Court ruled on the third suit relating to jet noise at Yokota Air Base (neither defendant nor plaintiff appeal; ruling was fixed on April 14) Hata Cabinet formed Murayama Cabinet formed Kanazawa Branch of Nagoya High Court ruled on the first and second suits relating to jet noise at Komatsu Air Base (neither plaintiff nor defendant appeal; ruling was fixed on January 10, 1995)|Jan 11 Mar 3 Mar 25 Mar 31 Mar 31 Jun 14|NATO summit adopts the Partnership for Peace (PfP) IAEA nuclear inspection team starts inspections of seven nuclear facilities declared by North Korea (through March 14) U.S. forces dispatched to Somalia complete their withdrawal U.N. Security Council adopts a chairman’s statement to urge North Korea to complete nuclear inspections (North Korea refuses April 4) COCOM dissolved North Korea notifies U.S., which holds presidency of the IAEA Charter, of its withdrawal from the IAEA|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1994|||||Jun 17 Jul 8 Jul 25 Aug 31 Oct 21 Dec 1 Dec 5 Dec 18|Former U.S. President Carter visits North Korea and holds talks with North Korean President Kim II Sung North Korean President Kim II Sung dies First ASEAN Regional Forum (Bangkok) Russian troops complete withdrawal from the former GDR and three Baltic countries U.S.-North Korea Framework Agreement signed Commander of U.S.-ROK Combined Forces devolves operational control in peacetime to ROK forces START I comes into force Russia starts military operations against Chechnya|
|1995|Jan 17 Mar 20 Jun 5 Jun 9 Aug 8 Sep 27 Sep 29|Disaster relief teams dispatched after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (through April 27) SDF personnel dispatched teams carry out rescue operations in the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway system (through March 23) Japan and ROK defense authorities exchange correspondence on measures to prevent accidents between SDF and ROK military aircraft Security Council of Japan meets for the first time to discuss the state of future defense capabilities (total of 13 meetings through December 14) Eto appointed Minister of State for Defense New Special Measures Agreement concerning the cost sharing of the stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan signed (effective April 1, 1996) Governor of Okinawa Prefecture refuses to implement part of the procedure for the acquisition of useable land under the Special Land Lease Law|Sep 4 Nov 17 Nov 19 Dec 26|Japanese schoolgirl assaulted by three U.S. soldiers based in Okinawa Cabinet approves the establishment of a consultation forum to discuss issues relating to U.S. bases in Okinawa Prime Minister Murayama and U.S. Vice President Gore agree on the establishment of the Special Action Committee on Facilities and Areas in Okinawa (SACO) Tokyo High Court ruled on appeal case of the referred first suit relating to jet noise at Atsugi Air Base (neither plaintiff nor defendant appeal; ruling was fixed on January 10, 1996)|Jan 1 Feb 27 Mar 9 May 11 Jun 7 Jul 11 Dec 14 Dec 15 Dec 20|CSCE changes its name to OSCE U.S. Department of Defense publishes the EASR Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) established NPT extended indefinitely Taiwan President Lee Teng- hui visits U.S. U.S. President Clinton announces the normalization of U.S.-Viet Nam relations Formal signing of the Bosnian Peace Agreement in Paris 10 Southeast Asian nations sign the South East Asia Non-Nuclear Zone Treaty at ASEAN summit meeting IFOR, consisting mainly of NATO troops, replaces UNPROFOR and formally commences operations in Bosnia|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1995|Nov 28 Dec 14|Security Council of Japan and Cabinet adopt National Defense Program Outline for the period from FY 1996 Security Council of Japan adopts the Mid-Term Defense Program (FY 1996–FY 2000) (Cabinet Decision of December 15)|||||
|1996|Jan 11 Jan 31 Mar 29 Apr 1 Apr 15 Apr 17 Jul 26 Sep 2 Sep 18 Oct 8 Oct 29|Usui appointed Minister of State for Defense United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Application for a court order for the Prime Minister to authorize the use of land for U.S. bases as part of the procedure for the acquisition of useable land under the Special Land Lease Law Lease expires on part of land being used for Sobe Communication Site Signing of Japan-U.S. Acquisition and Cross- Servicing Agreement and its procedural arrangements Japan-U.S. Joint Declaration on Security issued First visit to Russia by MSDF ships (Vladivostok, through July 30) First visit by MSDF ships to ROK (Pusan, through September 6) Governor of Okinawa carries out notification and inspection procedures in accordance with the Special Land Lease Law (through October 2) GSDF and MSDF carry out the task of removing deteriorated chemical bombs from Lake Kussharo (through October 24) First Forum for Defense Authorities in the Asia Pacific Region (through October 31, Tokyo)|Jan 11 Apr 12 Apr 15 Apr 16 May 8 Jul 20 Aug 19 Aug 28 Sep 8 Sep 17 Nov 7 Nov 19|Hashimoto Cabinet formed Prime Minister Hashimoto meets U.S. Ambassador Mondale (agreement reached on the total return of Futenma Air Station, Okinawa, within five to seven years after conditions are satisfied) SACO Interim Report approved by Japan-U.S. Security Consultative Committee Cabinet approves the promotion of solutions to issues relating to facilities and areas of U.S. forces in Okinawa Prefecture Working party for the resolution of issues relating to the return of Futenma Air Station established U.N. Treaty on the Law of the Seas goes into effect in Japan Inauguration of a round- table conference on cities, towns and villages where U.S. military facilities in Okinawa are located Supreme Court ruled on suit ordering the Governor of Okinawa Prefecture to execute his duty to sign by proxy under the Special Land Lease law for use by the stationing forces Plebiscite held in Okinawa Prefecture Cabinet approves the establishment of the Okinawa Policy Council Second Hashimoto Cabinet formed Proposal for a round-table conference on the municipalities where USFJ bases are located|Jan 26 Jan 27 Mar 8 Mar 23 Jul 29 Sep 10 Sep 18 Sep 27 Oct 3 Nov 5 Nov 18|START-II ratified by U.S. Senate France carries out nuclear tests (completion of which announced January 29) China carries out missile firing exercises, naval and air force live-fire drills and integrated ground, naval and air force exercises in the waters close to Taiwan on a total of three occasions March 8–25 Taiwan holds its first direct presidential elections Taiwan President Lee Teng-hui re-elected China conducts underground nuclear test (its forty-fifty), then announces moratorium on nuclear testing U.N. General Assembly adopts the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) North Korean mini- submarine run aground on the east coast of ROK, its crew intruding into ROK territory Taliban gains control of the Afghan capital, Kabul, and declares the establishment of a provisional government Russia-Chechnya cease- fire agreed Clinton reelected U.S. President Basic NATO agreement to keep a multinational stabilization force (SFOR) to succeed IFOR in Bosnia- Herzegovina|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1996|Nov 7 Dec 13 Dec 24|Kyuma appinted Minister of State of Defense First Japan-Russia defense official cooperation (Tokyo) Security Council and Cabinet approve responses to foreign submarines traveling underwater in Japanese territorial waters|Dec 2|SACO final report approved by Japan-U.S. Joint Security Council|||
|1997|Jan 20 Apr 23 Apr 25 May 15 Jul 12 Sep 23 Dec 19|Establishment of Defense Intelligence Headquarters Partial amendment to the Special Land Lease Law promulgated and enters into force Provisional use of part of Sobe Communication Station land starts Provisional use of part of the land belonging to 12 facilities including Kadena Air Base starts An SDF member on ranger training was killed on duty (GSDF, Mount Hakkoda in Aomori Prefecture) C-130H aircraft transferred to Utahpao, Thailand for action against armed fighting in Cambodia (through July 16) New Japan-U.S. defense cooperation Security Consultative Committee (SCC) Review of the Mid-Term Defense Program (FY 1996–FY 2000) approved by the Security Council of Japan and the Cabinet|Jan 31 Apr 29 Jun 10 Jul 3 Sep 2 Sep 11 Nov 5 Dec 3 Dec 21 Dec 25|Futenma Implementation Group (FIG) established CWC enters into force in Japan CCW Revised Protocol II concluded First artillery live-fire training by U.S. Marines stationed in Okinawa carried out on the mainland of Japan (at Kita Fiji)(through July 9) Committee for the Promotion of Decentralization of Authorities presented a third recommendation (in relation to the Special Land Lease Law, and labor management and administration affairs) Second Hashimoto Cabinet inaugurated Plans for the construction of a sea-based heliport presented to the local authority and residents Japan signs Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty Nago City holds a plebiscite on the planned construction of a U.S. heliport Nago City mayor formally announces the acceptance of the sea-based heliport|Mar 14 Apr 29 May 12 May 19 May 27 Jul 1 Jul 16 Jul 18 Jul 23 Aug 19 Sep 26 Oct 8 Nov 10 Dec 3 Dec 18|China enacts National Defense Law CWC enters into force Russia-Chechnya peace treaty signed U.S. Defense Secretary Cohen releases Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) Basic document on cooperation between Russia and the Alliance signed at the NATO Council of Foreign Ministers Hong Kong reverts to China North Korean soldiers cross the military demarcation line (MDL) and exchange fire with ROK troops NATO and Russia establish a permanent joint council Agreement reached on modification of the framework of the CFE Treaty KEDO holds a ceremony to mark the start of work on the light-water reactors to be provided to North Korea U.S. and Russian foreign ministers sign a protocol postponing the implementation of START-II North Korean Labor Party Secretary Kim Jong II assumes the post of General Secretary China-Russia summit talks: China-Russian joint statement signed (Beijing), and demarcation of the China-Russian eastern border declared Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty signed Russian President approves National Security Concepts|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1998|Mar 26 Apr 28 May 18 Jun 12 Jun 26 Jul 29 Jul 30 Aug 31 Sep 3 Nov 13 Nov 15 Nov 19 Nov 20|Introduction of a system of SDF ready reserve personnel The signing of an agreement to revise the Japan-U.S. Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement C-130H aircraft transferred to Payareva, Singapore in the case of riots in Indonesia (through May 27) Revision of the International Peace Cooperation Law promulgated and comes into force (the section concerning use of force comes into force July 12) First Japan-ROK security dialogue (Seoul) Combined search and rescue operation exercise between MSDF/ASDF and Russian Navy—the first large-scale combined exercise between Japan and Russia Nukaga appointed Minister of State for Defense North Korea launches missile over and beyond Japanese airspace Former Director-General of Central Procurement Office arrested on suspicion of breach of trust; compulsory investigation to Defense Agency Based on Okinawa Prefectural Land Expropriation Committee decision of use on May 19, usage of most land of 12 facilities, including Kadena Air Base, begins SDF units dispatched to Honduras with Japan Disaster Relief Team (through December 9) First joint exercise involving all three branches (a total of 2,400 personnel from the GSDF, MSDF and ASDF) (Iwo Jima) Announcement of the Basic Policy of Defense Procurement Reform Norota appointed Minister of State for Defense|Feb 6 May 22 Jul 30 Aug 31 Sep 1 Sep 2 Oct 16 Oct 21 Nov 15 Dec 3 Dec 22|Governor of Okinawa refuses to accept the sea- based heliport Naha Branch of the Fukuoka High Court ruled on the first, second and third suits relating to jet noise at Kadena Air Base (neither plaintiff nor defendant appeal; ruling was fixed on June 6) Obuchi Cabinet formed Government refuses to sign Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) resolution on cost sharing after North Korean missile launch Temporary freezing of Japan-North Korea normalization talks Additional sanctions on North Korea (suspension of charter flights) implemented House of Councillors adopts resolution to censure Minister of State for Defense Nukaga Japan lifts freeze on cooperation with North Korea and signs KEDO Executive Board resolution on cost sharing, but continues suspension of food aid, normalization talks and charter flights Inamine defeats incumbent Ohta in Okinawa gubernatorial election CCW revised Protocol II enters into force in Japan Cabinet Decision on the introduction of information-gathering satellite Aha Training Area returned (the first resolved issue of SACO)|Feb 23 Apr 6 May 11 May 14 May 28 Jun 11 Jun 22 Jul 2 Jul 8 Jul 12 Jul 27 Aug 20 Sep 5 Oct 18 Oct 23|U.N. and Iraq sign a memorandum of understanding on the agreement by Iraq to allow immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access to inspectors U.K. and France ratify CTBT India carries out underground nuclear tests (repeated May 13) Large-scale riots in the Indonesian capital Jakarta Pakistan carries out underground nuclear tests (repeated May 30) Government of Pakistan announces unilateral moratorium on nuclear tests North Korean submarine trespasses in waters off east coast of ROK and arrested by ROK military forces ROK Ministry of National Defense reports Five-Year Defense Reform Plan to president Government of U.K. submits Strategic Defense Review to House of Commons Bodies of armed North Korean special forces found in waters off ROK east coast China publishes its first comprehensive defense white paper, “Defense of China” U.S. military attacks terrorist facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan Kim Jong II assumes posts of General Secretary of the Worker’s Party and Chief of the National Defense Commission of North Korea Koo Chen-fu, Chairman of the Board of the Taiwanese Straits Exchange Foundation, visits China and has talks with President and CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin Israel and the Palestinian Authority sign the Wye River Memorandum|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1998|Dec 25|Security Council approves On Japan-U.S. Cooperative Research on Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies|||Nov 23 Dec 17 Dec 18|U.S. Department of Defense publishes revised edition of East Asia Strategic Report (EASR) U.S. and U.K. military initiate Operation Desert Fox against Iraq as a punishment for refusal to cooperate with UNSCOM inspections (through December 20) North Korean semi- submersible infiltrates ROK southern coastal waters and is attacked and sunk by ROK Navy.|
|1999|Jan 21 Mar 24 Mar 29 Apr 2 May 28 Jun 5 Aug 5 Aug 15|First Meeting for Responding to Serious Situations Maritime security operations ordered in response to two suspicious boats discovered off the Noto Peninsula (on March 23) Establishment of Brigade Announcement of Concrete Measures of Procurement Reform Bill Partially Amending the Self-Defense Forces Law (transportation of Japanese citizens and others in foreign countries) promulgated and comes into force Cabinet Decision on Usage of SDF Aircraft and Vessels for the Purpose of Transportation of Japanese Nationals Approval of the Issues and Lessons Learned in the Suspicious Boats Incident Off the Coast of the Noto Peninsular at a meeting of relevant ministers First Joint Exercise of Search and Rescue Operations between MSDF and ROK Navy (Kyushu western waters) An F-4 EJ crashes (Kyushu western waters, ASDF)|Mar 1 Apr 1 Jul 23 Sep 30 Oct 5 Oct 12 Nov 2 Nov 15 Nov 22|Entry into force by Japan of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty Establishment of the Committee on promotion of Information-Gathering Satellite (Cabinet) Tokyo High Court ruled on the second suit relating to jet noise at Astugi Air Base (neither plaintiff nor defendant appeal; ruling was fixed on August 7) Critical accident at a private uranium processing facility in Tokaimura, Ibaraki Prefecture Second Obuchi Cabinet inaugurated with the Coalition of the LDP, Liberal Party and Komei Party Suspect Morodomi and 12 others found guilty of malpractice, etc. (Tokyo District Court) The Government of Japan lifts ban on charter aircraft service, one of the sanctions put forth in response to the North Korean missile fired (on August 31, 1998) Failure of H2 rocket launch Governor of Okinawa Prefecture declares the site proposed for the relocation of Futenma Air Station|Mar 1 Mar 24 Apr 24 May 7 May 20 May 26 May 27 Jun 4 Jun 10 Jun 15|Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty enters into force NATO starts air campaign in Yugoslavia (through June 10) NATO summit held; New Strategic Concept adopted NATO forces mistakenly bomb Embassy of China in Yugoslavia U.S. inspection team enters North Korean nuclear facility at Kumchang-ni Fighting breaks out along Indian side of Jammu- Kashmir control line Philippines ratifies the Agreement Regarding the Treatment of United States Forces Visiting the Philippines (Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)) Government of the Yugoslav Federation accepts Kosovo conflict peace plan submitted by U.S., EU and Russia U.N. Security Council adopts peace resolution which includes deployment of an international security force (KFOR), including operations in Kosovo Exchange of fire between ROK patrol boats and North Korean naval vessels which crossed the Northern Limit Line|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1999|Aug 16 Aug 25 Sep 23 Sep 25 Sep 30 Oct 5 Nov 22 Dec 17 Dec 27|Signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on Infrastructure-Building for the Development of Dialogue and Exchanges between the Japanese Defense Agency and the Russian Minister of Defense (Moscow) Exchange of official documents and the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Japan and the U.S. on Japan-U.S. Cooperative Research on Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) The Law Concerning Measures to Ensure the Peace and Security of Japan in Situations in Areas Surrounding Japan comes into force SDF personnel dispatched to implement the transportation of necessary resources for international disaster relief operations in the Republic of Turkey (through November 22) Agreement to amend the Japan-U.S. Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement between Japan and the United States enters into force SDF personnel dispatched in response to the disaster caused by the uranium processing facilities in Tokaimura (through October 3) Tsutomu Kawara appointed Minister of State for Defense SDF personnel dispatched to Indonesia for East Timor Refugees Support (through February 8, 2000) A T-33A crashes (Iruma River riverbank, ASDF) The Security Council approves the Investigation of Functions Related to In- flight Refueling Formulation of a joint operations manual on suspicious boats for use between the Defense Agency and the Japan Coast Guard|Dec 1 Dec 14 Dec 19 Dec 20 Dec 27 Dec 28|Former Prime Minister Murayama and his Mission leave for North Korea. This Mission and the Workers’ Party of North Korea sign a joint announcement (through December 3) Japanese Government announces that it will begin preliminary talks for the resumption of normalization negotiations and Red Cross-Red Cross talks on humanitarian issues with North Korea. The Government also announces the cancellation of measures to forgo food assistance for North Korea Red Cross-Red Cross talks between Japan and North Korea Preliminary talks for the resumption of normalization negotiations with North Korea (through December 21) Mayor of Nago City, Okinawa Prefecture announces the acceptance of alternative facilities for Futenma Air Station Cabinet Decision on Government Policy for the Relocation of Futenma Air Station|Jun 25 Jul 9 Aug 10 Sep 2 Sep 4 Sep 15 Sep 24 Sep 29 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 25 Dec 17 Dec 20|Regarding the suspected nuclear facility at Kumchang-ni in North Korea, the U.S. Government releases a report stating that, at present, the activities at Kumchang-ni do not violate the 1994 Framework Agreement Taiwan “President” Lee Teng-hui describes China- Taiwan relations as a “special state-to-state relationship” North Korea makes government statement on Japan-North Korea relations North Korea declares the invalidation of the Northern Limit Line in the Yellow Sea and the establishment of a boundary for maritime military affairs Announcement of the result of a residents’ poll in East Timor; veto of the autonomy proposal (support for independence) was the overwhelming majority U.N. Security Council adopts the Resolution to Approve the Dispatch of Multinational Forces for East Timor North Korea announces its intentions to hold high- level talks hereafter and to halt any missile launches during these talks Russian military unit advances into the Republic of Chechnya The U.S. Government releases the Perry Report Coup in Pakistan; Prime Minister Sharif overthrown U.S. Senate rejects ratification of CTBT U.N. Security Council adopts a resolution for the establishment of the U.N. Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) U.N. Security Council establishes UNMOVIC Rule over Macao transferred from Portugal to China|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1999|||||Dec 31|Russian President Yeltsin resigns|
|2000|Mar 22 Mar 29 Apr 1 May 8 Jun 16 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jul 4 Sep 8 Sep 11 Sep 13|A T-2 crashes (ASDF, in mountainous area in Onagawacho, Oshikagun, Miyagi Prefecture) Disaster relief dispatch for the eruption of Mount Usu begins SDF Personnel Ethics Code comes into force Special Land Lease Law Revised by the Decentralization of Power Law comes into force Central Council on Defense Facilities established Defense Agency moves to the Ichigaya building The Special Law for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness (Establishment of nuclear disaster relief dispatch) comes into force Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to the eruption of Mount Miyake C-1 crashes (ASDF, off Oki islands, Shimane Prefecture) Kazuo Torashima appointed Minister of State for Defense Two T-4’s crash (ASDF, in mountainous area in Oshikamachi, Oshikagun, Miyagi Prefecture) Active MSDF official arrested for leaking secret documents to military attaché of Embassy of Russia New Special Measures Agreement concerning the cost sharing of the stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan signed (effective April 1, 2001) Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to heavily concentrated rains in the Tokai region SDF personnel dispatched to dispose of Abandoned Chemical Weapons (ACW) in Beian, China|Jan 1 Jan 17 Feb 1 Feb 16 Feb 29 Mar 16 Mar 31 Apr 4 Apr 5 Jun 16 Jul 4 Jul 21 Aug 15 Aug 25 Oct 30|No large-scale damage caused by the Year 2000 computer problem Disposal of anti-personnel mines by civilians begins Decision to monitor Aum Shinrikyo (renamed Aleph) made; official gazette announced First assembly of the Research Commissions on the Constitution in the Upper House (Lower House on February 17) Revealed that Aum- affiliated companies were contracted to develop the computer systems for central ministries and agencies, including the Defense Agency and the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, and large companies Policy makers of the three ruling parties propose to the Government to commence considerations on emergency legislation aiming at enactment of bills 17,000 people evacuated following the eruption of Mount Usu. Emergency headquarters established Ninth plenary session of normalization negotiations between Japan and North Korea (through April 7) Mori Cabinet formed Her Majesty the Empress Dowager dies Second Mori Cabinet inaugurated Kyushu-Okinawa Summit (through July 23) Tenth plenary session of normalization negotiations between Japan and North Korea (through August 25) Replacement Facilities Council on the Relocation of Futenma Air Station established Eleventh plenary session of normalization negotiations between Japan and North Korea (through October 31)|Jan 4 Feb 6 Feb 9 Feb 21 Mar 18 Mar 26 Apr 14 May 7 May 8 Jun 13 Jul 21 Jul 31 Aug 12 Aug 23 Sep 1 Sep 25|Italy establishes diplomatic relations with North Korea (first of the G7 to do so) Acting Russian President Putin declares the conclusion of operations to capture cities in the Chechen Republic New Russia-North Korea Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Aid signed China announces White Paper on the One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue “Presidential” elections conducted in Taiwan; Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party elected Russia holds presidential elections; Acting President Putin elected Russian Duma ratifies the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II) Russian Acting President Putin officially assumes duties as President Australia and North Korea agree to reopen diplomatic relations North-South Korean Summit (through June 15, Pyongyang) U.S.-Russia summit meeting held, Cooperation on Strategic Stability announced U.N. Security Council adopts resolution to establish UNMEE Russian nuclear-powered submarine Kursk sinks Secretary General of the U.N. publishes a report on U.N. Peace operations U.S. President Bill Clinton postpones decision to deploy NMD system ROK and North Korea hold Defense Ministers Talks (through September 26)|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2000|Sep 23 Oct 6 Oct 27 Dec 1 Dec 4 Dec 5 Dec 15|GSDF assists in disposal of deteriorated chemical bombs found in Lake Kussharo (through November 6) Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to 2000 Western Tottori Earthquake Defense Agency finishes report on Review and Reinforcement of Classified Security System Defense Agency announces Outline for Comprehensive Programs by the Defense Agency and the Self-Defense Forces to Adapt to the Information Technology Revolution Agreement between Defense Agency and National Public Safety Commission on public order activities revised Toshitsugu Saito appointed Minister of State for Defense Security Council of Japan and the Cabinet adopts the Mid-Term Defense Program (FY 2001–FY 2005)|Nov 20 Nov 21 Dec 5|The 22nd Japanese Communist Party Convention decides to accept the SDF Rejection of no-confidence motion against Mori Administration Second Mori Cabinet reshuffled|Sep 26 Sep 28 Oct 3 Oct 9 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 23 Nov 9 Dec 28|Russian strategic rocket force test-launches SS-27 (through September 27) Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon forcibly visits sacred site of Islam Tang Fei resigns as Premier of Taiwan Cho Myong-rok, vice chairman of North Korea’s National Defense Commission, visits U.S. (through October 12) U.S. bill to grant China permanent most favored nation status enacted The Institute for National Strategic Studies announces special report, “The United States and Japan: Advancing toward a mature partnership” U.S. and North Korea announce U.S.-North Korea Joint Communiqué in Yemen, a small boat explodes, causing great damage to U.S. Navy destroyer USS Cole China carries out high-tech drill exercises Secretary of State Madeleine Albright visits North Korea (through October 25) Conference on Russian Security decides to reduce personnel of the Federation Army by 325,000 by 2005 President Clinton decides not to visit North Korea|
|2001|Jan 6 Feb 5 Feb 9 Feb 14 Mar 1|Bureau of Finance and Equipment and Central Contract Office established SDF units dispatched to India for International Disaster Relief Operation (through February 11) Personnel dispatched to UNMOVIC OH-6D and AH-1S crash (GSDF, Amoda, Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture) Russian military aircraft, including Tu-22M Backfires, intrude into Japanese territorial airspace The Ship Inspection Operations Law comes into effect|Jan 6 Jan 19 Jan 25 Feb 10|Reorganization of Government ministries and agencies into Cabinet Office and 12 ministries and agencies Okinawa prefectural assembly passes a resolution demanding a cut back in the strength of the U.S. Marines Ministry of Foreign Affairs announces report on misappropriation of secret funds The Ehime Maru, a training boat from Ehime Prefecture Uwajima Fisheries High School sinks off Hawaii after collision with U.S. submarine|Jan 15 Jan 20 Mar 7 Mar 26 Apr 1 Apr 22|North Korean General Secretary Kim Jong II makes unofficial visit to China (through January 20) George W. Bush becomes president of the U.S. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo becomes president of the Philippines Sharon Administration is inaugurated in Israel ROK joins Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Collision between U.S. and Chinese military planes Taiwan’s former “President” Lee Teng-hui visits Japan to receive treatment for heart disease|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2001|Mar 7 Mar 24 Apr 11 Apr 11 Apr 26 Jun 25 Aug 8 Sep 7 Sep 14 Sep 21 Oct 6|Former MSDF official gets prison sentence for leaking secret documents to military attache of Embassy of Russia Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to Geiyo Earthquake The Round-Table discussion on Biological Weapons submits proposal to Director-General of Defense Agency Russian military aircraft, including Su-24, intrude into Japanese territorial airspace Gen Nakatani appointed Minister of State for Defense Accidental machine gun firing of an F-4 aircraft (near the Hokkaido Shimamatsu Training Range, ASDF) Release of disaster dispatch order for submarine rescue ship Chihaya for salvage cooperation of the Ehime Maru (the Chihaya departs Kure on August 10 and returns on December 16) FH-70 type Howitzer accidentally lands outside the GSDF maneuver area at Mt. Nunobiki, Shirakawa, Fukushima Prefecture T-5 crashes (MSDF, mountainous area around Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture) First Meeting of the Committee to Consider the Modality of National Defense International Peace cooperation for the Relief of Afghan Refugees (Afghan refugee air transport unit delivers relief material to the UNHCR in Islamabad on October 9 and returns on October 12)|Feb 27 Apr 1 Apr 26 May 3 May 9 May 15 Jun 28 Jul 13 Aug 13 Aug 29 Sep 19 Sep 27 Oct 5 Oct 8|Special U.S. envoy sent to Japan in relation to Ehime Maru incident Information Disclosure Act (IDA) comes into force Koizumi Cabinet formed Suspected North Koreans detained (on suspicion of illegal entry on a falsified passport) Two Japanese are suspected of spying (taking DNA information out of a U.S. medical institution) The three daughters of the former Red Army members involved in the hijacking of JAL plane “Yodo” return form North Korea Defense Ministry Bill presented to the House of Representatives by Diet members Ruled on suit disclosing materials and information for Naha JSDF facilities (Supreme Court denied the State’s eligibility as a plaintiff) Prime Minister Koizumi visits Yasukuni Shrine National Space Development Agency (NASDA) successfully launches domestically produced large-size H2A rocket Prime Minister Koizumi announces immediate measures consisting of seven items in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. 153rd extraordinary Diet session (through December 7) Cabinet adopts the Anti- Terrorism Special Measures Bill Government of Japan establishes the Emergency Anti-Terrorism Headquarters and decides upon Emergency Response Measures at the First Meeting|Apr 24 May 1 May 8 Jun 6 Jun 15 Jun 20 Jul 3 Jul 14 Jul 15 Jul 16 Jul 23 Aug 4 Aug 22 Sep 3 Sep 11 Sep 12|U.S. presents a list of weapons it is capable of selling to Taiwan U.S. President Bush gives speech on missile defense at the National Defense University New Zealand announces new national defense plan U.S. completes review of policy toward North Korea Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) established Taiwan test-fires surface- to-air missiles PAC-2 EP-3 returned to U.S. after collision with PLA Naval Air Force jet fighter First anti-ballistic missile test since U.S. President Bush takes office is successful Pakistani President Musharraf visits India and holds meeting with Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee China-Russia Summit held, Good Neighbourly Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed President Megawati Soekarnoputri becomes the fifth President of Indonesia Russia-North Korea Summit held, signing of “Moscow Declaration” NATO to collect and dispose of weapons and ammunition in Macedonia (through September 26) President and CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin visits North Korea (through September 5) Terrorist attacks in the U.S. occur (two airplanes crash into the World Trade Center and one into the Pentagon, killing thousands) U.N. Security Council passes resolution condemning the terrorist attacks|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2001|Nov 2 Nov 9 Nov 25 Nov 29 Dec 2 Dec 2 Dec 6|Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law and Law to Amend the Self-Defense Forces Law (guarding operations, use of weapons in peacetime for guarding SDF facilities, information- gathering before a public security operation is ordered, enhanced authority in use of weapons while in public security operation and maritime security operation, strengthening penalties to ensure secrecy (defense secrets) ) are promulgated and enforced (strengthening penalties to ensure secrecy is separately enforced on November 1, 2002) SDF warship dispatched to the Indian Ocean for information-gathering Based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, an MSDF supply vessel, minesweeper tender, and destroyers depart for cooperation and support activities Based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, ASDF begins aerial transportation between USFJ bases Based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, MSDF supply vessels begin refueling U.S. warships in the Indian Ocean Based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, ASDF begins aerial transportation outside Japan Considerations are implemented by the GSDF, USFJ and personnel defending USFJ facilities, etc. (through December 14) Considerations are implemented by the GSDF, USFJ and personnel defending USFJ facilities, etc. (through December 14)|Oct 29 Nov 7 Nov 8 Nov 16 Nov 28 Dec 1 Dec 22|Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law and other measures passed in the House of Councillors plenary session U.S. Navy calls off the in- ship search of the Ehime Maru Four people, including the former chairman of the Korean Bank Tokyo Credit Union, arrested under suspicion of inspection avoidance A Cabinet Decision is made for a basic plan based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law Six former management members including the executive director, former financial officer and former board chairman of the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (Chongryon) arrested for embezzlement charges; Chongryon headquarters searched after the arrests (November 29) Her Imperial Highness Princess Aiko is born to Their Imperial Highnesses The Crown Prince and Crown Princess Japan Coast Guard fires at Suspicious boat off the southwest coast of Kyushu; the suspicious boat sank|Sep 14 Sep 15 Sep 24 Oct 1 Oct 2 Oct 7 Oct 19 Nov 9 Nov 13 Nov 24 Nov 27 Dec 1 Dec 3 Dec 5 Dec 7|Australia decides to invoke the right of collective self- defense under the ANZUS Treaty East Timor Constituent Assembly is established President Putin of Russia announces five measures to support the U.S. regarding the September 11 terrorist attacks U.S. announces Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S., NATO invokes Article 5 (on collective self-defense) of the North Atlantic Treaty U.S. and U.K. forces begin attacks in Afghanistan U.S. forces throw out the U.S. Special Operation Forces, the first ground attack Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance takes control of Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan Northern Alliance takes control of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan; U.S.- Russia Summit held, President George W. Bush announces policy to cut strategic nuclear weapons to between 1,700 and 2,200 over the next ten years ROK implements missile testing Fire breaks out in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of the Korean peninsula Taiwan’s ruling Democratic Progress Party, led by “President” Chen Shui- bian, wins majority in legislative election U.S. is successful in missile defense testing U.S. and Russia complete implementation of START I Agreement on Afghanistan Interim Authority (outside Bonn, Germany) Anti-Taliban force in Afghanistan takes over Kandahar|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2001|Dec 14|A bill is introduced to partially amend the Law Concerning Cooperation for U.N. PKOs and Other Operations (expansion of defense objectives to use weapons, the absolution of the exemption from Article 95 of the Self-Defense Forces Law and the absolution of the freeze on Peacekeeping Force headquarter activities) Security Council approves the Selection of In-flight Refueling Transportation Aircraft Type|||Dec 13 Dec 20 Dec 22 Dec 29|U.S. informs Russia of its withdrawal from the ABM Treaty Assault on the Indian Parliament U.N. Security Council adopts a resolution establishing an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Afghanistan Interim Authority formed, with Mr. Hamid Karzai serving as Chairman Russia withdraws troops from its base in Cuba|
|2002|Jan 15 Jan 29 Feb 8 Feb 13 Feb 18 Feb 20 Feb 24 Mar 2 Mar 7|22nd Japan-U.S. Systems & Technology Forum (Hawaii) Based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law, MSDF supply vessels begin refueling U.K. warships in the Indian Ocean Japan-U.S. Vice Ministerial Defense Consultations (Wasington) Thirteenth Golan Heights Dispatch SDF Transport Unit replaces the Twelfth unit Ten command personnel dispatched for International Peace Cooperation assignment in East Timor Japan-France Defense Summit held (Nakatani- Richard, Tokyo) Organization of the First Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor is completed 680 SDF personnel dispatched on the First Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor 2 OH-6Ds crash (GSDF, Kokonoe-machi, Kusu-gun, Oita Prefecture)|Jan 9 Feb 17 Feb 18 Mar 6 Mar 14 Mar 18 Apr 12 Apr 16 Apr 27 May 17 May 30 May 31|Prime Minister Koizumi visits Southeast Asian countries U.S. President Bush visits Japan Japan-U.S. Summit held Kanazawa District Court ruled on the third and fourth suits relating to jet noise at Komatsu Air Base (appeal hearing since March 19) Japan-Pakistan Summit held Japan-ROK Summit held Supreme Court rejected an appeal for the New Yokota Air Base Suit Cabinet Decision on the bill to amend the Law on the Establishment of the Security Council of Japan, the bill to respond to Armed Attacks and the bill to amend the Self-Defense Forces Law Prime Minister Koizumi visits Southeast Asian countries and Oceania Cabinet Decision on the extension of the Basic Plan for providing military support to the counter- terrorism campaign (the plan will remain in effect until November 19) Hachioji Branch of Tokyo District Court ruled on the fifth, sixth and seventh suits relating to jet noise at Yokota Air Base (appeal hearing since June 12) FIFA World Cup 2002 Korea/Japan is held|Jan 4 Jan 8 Jan 15 Jan 21 Jan 25 Jan 29 Feb 5 Feb 22 Mar 7 Mar 29 Apr 14|U.S. Department of Defense announces reorganization of the Office of Ballistic Missile Defense into Missile Defense Agency U.S. Department of Defense submits the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) to Congress American and Filipino troops initiate joint-military exercises called “Balikatan 02-1” (through July 31) International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan (through January 22, Tokyo) India test fires Agni, ballistic missile U.S. President Bush depicts “Axis of Evil” in the State of the Union Address Indonesia resumes military deployment in Aceh after 17 years The Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) agree on an indefinite cease-fire U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan reopens dialogue with Iraqi Foreign Minister Naji Sabri (for the first time since February 2001) Israeli Army confines Chairman Arafat (until May 2) East Timor holds presidential election; Mr. Xanana Gusmao is elected|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2002|Mar 27 Mar 28 Apr 1 Apr 5 Apr 20 Apr 22 Apr 29 Apr 30 May 1 May 13 May 14 May 28|Implementation of law to partially amend the Defense Agency Establishment Law and Self-Defense Forces Law (to change the authorized strength of SDF personnel and ready reserve personnel, the Introduction of Candidate for Reserve Personnel, and disaster call-up for reserve personnel) Japan-Canada Defense Summit held (Nakatani- Eggleton, Tokyo) Development of the Independent Administrative Institution for USFJ Employees Labor Management Minister of State for Defense gives orders concerning considerations for joint operations Japan-ROK Defense Summit held (Nakatani- Kim, Seoul) 2nd Western Pacific Submarine Rescue Exercise held (the first multilateral exercise organized by Japan, through May 2) Prime Minister Koizumi visits PKO unit in East Timor First dispatch of SDF engineering group to East Timor (680 members) responsible for taking over the work from the Bangladeshi battalion Minister of State for Defense Nakatani inspects an SDF ship dispatched to the India Ocean (through May 5) Japan-U.S.-ROK Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) meeting in Tokyo Japan-U.S. Vice Ministerial Level Defense Conference (Tokyo) Japan-U.K. Defense summit held (Nakatani-Hoon, Tokyo)|Jun 11 Jun 25 Jul 1 Jul 8 Jul 29 Jul 31 Sep 11 Sep 17 Sep 22 Sep 30 Oct 13 Oct 15 Oct 16 Oct 23 Oct 26 Oct 27 Oct 31 Nov 4|The Investigation Report of the Incident Related to the List of People Requesting Information Disclosure Compiled and Distributed by a Lieutenant Commander working for the Maritime Staff Office is disclosed for the said incident that occurred in the Defense Agency Japan-U.S. Summit held Japan-ROK Summit held Japan-EU Summit held 9th Meeting (i.e. final meeting) of the Consultative Body on Futenma Replacement Facility (CFR) is held Basic Plan of the Futenma Replacement Facility agreed Ordinary Diet session closes Three Armed Attack situation response related bills are carried over Suspicious ship raised from the sea floor, in which a small boat is discovered in a hold (offshore Amami Oshima Island) Japan-North Korea Summit held Kim Jong-Il, the North Korean President, admits and apologizes for abductions Japan-ROK Summit held Cabinet reshuffle First International Fleet Review in Japan (Tokyo Bay) 5 Those abducted return to Japan to see their families again after 24 years Yokohama District Court ruled on the third, fourth and fifth suits relating to jet noise at Astugi Air Base (appeal hearing since October 29) APEC Summit held Japan-U.S.-ROK Summit held Japan-China Summit held Naha Branch of Fukuoka High Court ruled on suit dispossessing the land at Sobe Communication Site (appeal hearing since November 13) Japan-China-ROK-ASEAN Summit held|May 4 May 6 May 20 May 20 May 24 May 25 May 28 Jun 11 Jun 13 Jun 29 Jul 16 Jul 18 Aug 23 Aug 25 Sep 4 Sep 5 Sep 12|Russian Army returns Cam Ranh Naval Base to Viet Nam Military government of Myanmar lifts house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi Independence of East Timor, with Mr. Xanana Gusmao becoming the country’s first president The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) switches to the United Nations Mission Support in East Timor (UNMISET) ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Anti-Terrorism (through May 21, Kuala Lumpur) U.S.-Russia Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions signed Pakistan test-fires Ghauri missile NATO-Russia Summit reaches formal agreement to establish NATO-Russia Council Emergency Loya Jirga to decide a framework for the transitional administration held in Afghanistan (through June 19) U.S. officially withdraws from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty Exchanges of fire between ROK patrol boats and North Korean patrol boats which crossed the NLL U.S. Government announces National Strategy For Homeland Security U.K. announces A New Chapter to the Strategic Defense Review (SDR) Russia-North Korea Summit held (Vladivostok) Chinese Government announces the regulations for export and control of missile-related technology Sri Lanka rescinds criminalization of the LTTE Assassination of President Karzai, Afghanistan is attempted U.S. President Bush makes a statement about Iraq at the U.N. meeting|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2002|Jun 1 Jun 24 Jul 9 Jul 29 Aug 14 Sep 11 Sep 20 Sep 30 Oct 1 Oct 15 Oct 20 Nov 1 Nov 12 Nov 14 Nov 18|Minister of State for Defense Nakatani participates in the IISS Asia Security Conference (sponsored by the International Institute for Strategic Studies in Singapore) (through June 2) Pacific Rim Exercise (RIMPAC 2002) (through Jul 23) Japan-India Defense Summit Meeting (Nakatani- Fernandes, Tokyo) 1st Japan-U.K. Military to Military Talks Fourteenth Golan Heights Dispatch SDF Transport Unit replaces the Thirteenth Unit Second Joint Exercise of Search and Rescue Operations between MSDF and ROK Navy (through Sep 13) Second Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor replaces the First Group Ishiba appointed Minister of State for Defense One personnel dispatched to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) (as an Operation and Planning Director) Multilateral search and rescue exercise (Southern Kanto waters and Sagami Bay) ASDF troop review (Hyakuri) Law to Amend the Self- Defense Forces Law, which strengthens penalties to ensure secrecy, is enforced Fourth Coordinating Committee Japan-ROK Defense Summit Meeting (Ishiba-Lee, Tokyo) SDF and police authority hold joint command post exercise in Hokkaido|Nov 19 Nov 21 Dec 12 Dec 13|A Cabinet Decision is made for revision of a basic plan based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Dispatch is extended to May 19, 2003) His Imperial Highness Prince Takamadonomiya Norihito passes away Three Armed Attack situation response related bills are carried over Secretaries general and chairmen of the policy research councils of three ruling parties propose to the Government to enact emergency legislation soon|Sep 16 Sep 20 Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 16 Oct 16 Oct 17 Oct 23 Oct 25 Nov 8 Nov 8 Nov 13 Nov 14|Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly Election is held (through Oct 8) U.S. Government announces the National Security Strategy U.S. Department of Defense establishes the Northern Command (NORTHCOM) Assistant Secretary of State Kelly visits North Korea (through Oct 5) China and Kyrgyz carry out anti-terrorism joint exercise (through Oct 11) U.S. Congress passes the resolution to allow the use of force against Iraq Terrorist bombing breaks out in Bali U.S. Government announces that North Korea admitted the fact that they had a uranium enrichment plan for nuclear weapons when Assistant Secretary of State Kelly visited North Korea Indian Government announces the partial withdrawal of its units deployed on its border with Pakistan Pakistani Government announces withdrawal of its units deployed on its border with India Chechen guerillas seize the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow North Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs announces remarks proposing the U.S. to enter into a non- aggression treaty U.N. Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 1441 on Iraq 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 2002 held (through Nov 14) Iraq accepts the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441 KEDO Executive Board decides to freeze provision of heavy oil to North Korea|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2002|Dec 1 Dec 2 Dec 16 Dec 17|Law to Amend the Law Concerning Allowances, etc. of Defense Agency Personnel (amendment to the decrease in allowances) is enforced One person dispatched to Planning and Control Team, Military Division, Department of Peace-keeping Operations (U.N. DPKO) (New York) Kirishima, vessel equipped with Aegis air defense systems, departs the port of Yokosuka, according to revision (Dec 6) in the Implementation Plan based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law Security Consultative Committee (SCC) meeting (Kawaguchi, Ishiba, Powell, Wolfowitz, Washington) Japan-U.S. Defense Summit (Ishiba-Rumsfeld, Washington)|||Nov 15 Nov 21 Nov 21 Nov 27 Nov 27 Nov 29 Dec 4 Dec 5 Dec 7 Dec 12 Dec 13 Dec 17 Dec 17 Dec 19 Dec 31|First Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held Hu Jintao is elected as General Secretary NATO Summit decides new membership for seven countries in Central and Eastern Europe, announces the Prague Declaration, and agrees to establish its high- readiness unit U.S.-Russia Summit held U.N. Inspection Team visits Baghdad to resume inspections after four years Dispatch of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) is extended for a further year IAEA Board of Governors decides to request North Korea to accept nuclear inspection Serious rioting breaks out in Dili, East Timor Peace negotiation process in Sri Lanka reaches an agreement to establish a federation system Iraq submits a report to the U.N. on its plan for development of weapons of mass destruction North Korea announces it will resume operation and establishment of nuclear- related facilities EU Summit decides new membership for ten countries in Eastern Europe Parties in the civil war in Democratic Republic of Congo agree a peace treaty U.S. announces deployment of a missile defense system In the presidential election in ROK, Roh Moo-hyun from the Millennium Democratic Party, the country’s ruling party, is elected as a president IAEA inspectors leave North Korea|
|2003|Jan 14|Japan-Russia Defense Summit Meeting (Ishiba- Ivanov, Moscow)|Jan 17|Cabinet decision made for revision of implementatation plan on international peace cooperation activities in Golan Heights|Jan 1 Jan 8|EU police units are established in Bosnia and Herzegovina and other areas India test fires Agni|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2003|Feb 8 Feb 20 Feb 26 Mar 13 Mar 27 Mar 29 Mar 30 Apr 11 Apr 21 May 4 May 31 Jun 2|Antipersonnel landmines possessed by the SDF are all disposed of (with some exceptions) 23rd meeting of the Japan- U.S. System and Technology Forum is held (Tokyo) Fifteenth Golan Heights Dispatch SDF Transport Unit replaces the Fourteenth Unit Ceremony held to deliver goods to East Timor PKO Third Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor replaces the Second Group Law to Partially Amend the Defense Agency Establishment Law is enforced (concerning the change of the authorized strength of SDF uniformed personnel and Ready Reserve Personnel) Agreement (7th Agreement) to use Kitafuji Maneuver Area concluded Japan-ROK Defense Summit Meeting (Ishiba-Cho, Seoul) International peace and cooperation activities are conducted for relief of Iraqi refugees (Airborne unit for Iraqi refugee relief delivers materials to UNHCR in Amman on March 31, returning to Japan on Apr 2) Japan-Russia Defense Summit Meeting (Ishiba- Ivanov, Tokyo) ASDF in-flight refueling training Meeting (through May 1) Japan-India Defense Summit Meeting (Ishiba-Fernandes, Delhi) Minister of State for Defense Ishiba participates in the IISS Asia Security Conference (sponsored by the International Institute for Strategic Studies and held in Singapore) (through June 1) Defence Minister Ishiba holds talks with U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defence Wolfowitz in Japan|Mar 28 May 8 May 9 May 13 Jun 6 Jun 7 Jun 13 Jun 20 Jul 4 Jul 26 Jul 29 Sep 14|Cabinet Decision made for preparation of a plan to carry out an international peace and cooperation activity for Iraqi refugee relief Tokyo District Court pronounces Ueno, the defendant, guilty of a breach of trust, etc. Cabinet Decision made for revision of a basic plan based on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Dispatch extended to Nov 1, 2003) Tokyo District Court, Hachioji branch, rules on 4th and 8th lawsuit over noise at Yokota Air Base (Appeal hearing from May 26) Three Armed Attack situation response related laws are passed at the Upper House plenary session and enacted Japan-ROK Summit held Cabinet decision made regarding the bill concerning Special Measures on Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq Cabinet decision made for revision of the implementation plan on international peace cooperation activities in East Timor Cabinet decision made regarding the implementation plan on international peace cooperation activities for relief of affected people in Iraq Law concerning the Special Measures on Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq passed the House of Councilors plenary session Cabinet decision made for revision of implementation plan on international peace cooperation activities in Golan Heights Government survey mission dispatched to Middle East countries, including Iraq|Jan 10 Jan 24 Jan 24 Jan 27 Jan 28 Feb 5 Feb 5 Feb 14 Feb 17 Feb 20 Feb 24 Feb 24 Feb 25 Feb 28 Mar 2 Mar 4|North Korea announces it is leaving the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Relevant parties of Ivory Coast disputes sign peace agreement U.S. Department of Homeland Security established UNMOVIC and IAEA present progress report on inspections in Iraq U.S. President Bush makes State of the Union Address U.S. Secretary of State Powell submits evidence of Iraqi infringements found at the inspections to the U.N. Security Council Eight countries in Eastern Europe make a joint declaration to support U.S. President Bush and U.S. policy on Iraq UNMOVIC and IAEA present progress report on inspections in Iraq Moro Islamic Liberation Front rejects resumption of peace negotiations with the Philippine Government North Korean MIG 19 crosses northern borderline At the U.N. Security Council unofficial meeting, U.S., U.K., and Spain submit a new resolution draft to accept the use of force against Iraq, while France, Germany, and Russia submit a memorandum stipulating a four-month extension of U.N. inspections North Korea launches a surface-to-ship missile Roh Moo-hyun is elected as 16th President of South Korea. 2nd Sharon Administration is established A North Korean fighter approaches and pursues a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft Terrorist bombing Davao International Airport, Philippines; Abu Sayyaf claims responsibility|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2003|Jul 7 Jul 17 Jul 19 Jul 26 Aug 26 Sep 3 Sep 10 Sep 11 Sep 26 Sep 29 Oct 7 Oct 10 Oct 23 Oct 26 Nov 3 Nov 15 Nov 15 Nov 26|Airborne unit for relief of affected people in Iraq, etc. formed International peace and cooperation activities are conducted for relief of affected people in Iraq (Airborne unit delivers relief materials from Italy to Amman, through August 12) (All personnel returned on August 18) Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to heavily concentrated rains in the Kyushu region (through July 26) Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to earthquake in northern part of Miyagi prefecture Japan-New Zealand Defense Summit held (Ishiba-Burton, Tokyo) Japan-China Defense Summit held (Ishiba-Cao, Beijing) Sixteenth Golan Heights Dispatch SDF Transport Unit replaces the Fifteenth Unit Ceremony to celebrate the completion of the Memorial Zone Disaster relief dispatch conducted in response to Tokachi-oki earthquake (through October 3) Japan-Australia Defense Summit held (Ishiba-Hill, Tokyo) Japan-Mongolia Defense Summit held(Ishiba- Gurragchaa) Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law remains in force for another two years Fourth Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor replaces the Third Group Fleet Review (Sagami Bay) Former SDF officials decorated for their engagement in dangerous activities Japan-U.S. Defense Summit held (Ishiba-Rumsfeld, Tokyo) SDF special research group dispatched to Iraq Japan-ROK Defense Summit held (Ishiba-Cho, Tokyo)|Sep 30 Oct 7 Oct 10 Oct 10 Oct 21 Oct 24 Nov 9 Nov 14 Nov 19 Nov 29 Dec 9|Cabinet decides to newly establish, in its decoration system, an award for people engaged in dangerous activities Joint communiqué signed for the first time at Japan- China-ROK Summit meeting Dissolution of the House of Representatives “The Defense Ministry Establishment Bill” was scrapped concurrently with the dissolution of the House of Representatives. Cabinet decision made for revision of the basic plan on the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Dispatch period extended to May 1, 2004) Foreign Minister Kawaguchi announces five billion dollars worth of assistance at the International Donors’ Conference for the Reconstruction of Iraq in Spain General election of lawmakers of the House of Representatives Prime Minster Koizumi meets with U.S. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld in Tokyo Second Koizumi Cabinet formed November 29 Ambassador Oku and First Secretary Inoue shot to death in the central region of Iraq Extraordinary cabinet meeting decides a basic plan on (Dispatch period: by December 14, 2004)|Mar 7 Mar 7 Mar 14 Mar 15 Mar 17 Mar 20 Mar 26 Mar 31 Apr 2 Apr 21 Apr 23 Apr 28 Apr 29 Apr 29 Apr 30 May 1|UNMOVIC and IAEA present an additional report on inspections in Iraq At the U.N. Security Council meeting for foreign affairs officials, the U.S., U.K., and Spain submit a revised resolution draft to request Iraq to disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction U.S. President Bush announces lifting of economic sanctions against Pakistan China’s National People’s Congress elects Hu Jintao as its President, while Ziang Zemin remains as chairman of the Central Military Commission U.S. and U.K. give up adopting the revised resolution draft on Iraq at U.N. Security Council U.S. and U.K. forces begin military operations in Iraq India and Pakistan conduct experiments with short-range ballistic missiles NATO is succeeded by EU as command authority for peace- keeping operations in Macedonia ROK adopts the resolution in its Diet session to dispatch troops to Iraq Sri Lanka and LTTE notify halt of peace negotiations U.S.-North Korea-China trilateral consultations held (Beijing) (through Apr 25) India-Pakistan Summit teleconference held India tests launch of the Prithvi surface-to-surface missile Palestine Legislative Council approves the authority- controlled cabinet headed by President Abbas, PLO chairman U.S., Russia, U.N., and EU present Roadmap to Israeli- Palestinian peace, as a new peace process for Palestine U.S. President Bush declares termination of major military operations in Iraq|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2003|Dec 18 Dec 19 Dec 19 Dec 24 Dec 26 Dec 30|Defense Agency formulates implementation guideline for Law concerning Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance in Iraq Government decides to introduce ballistic missile defense system (Security Council of Japan and cabinet meeting) Order issued to GSDF, MSDF, and ASDF concerning implementation of response measures based on the Humanitarian Relief and Iraqi Reconstruction Special Measures Law Ceremony to confer guidons to ASDF airborne unit for reconstruction assistance to Iraq, etc. ASDF advance team personnel leave for Kuwait Relief materials transported by air in response to great earthquake in Iran under the Law concerning the Dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief Teams (delivering relief materials at Kerman, Iran on January 1 and 2, and returning home on January 5 and 6)|||May 1 May 14 May 22 May 31 Jun 1 Jun 23 Jul 13 Jul 24 Aug 1 Aug 3 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 11 Aug 18 Aug 19 Aug 25 Aug 27 Aug 27 Sep 1|U.S. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld declares termination of major military operations in Afghanistan U.S.-ROK Summit held U.N. Security Council Resolution adopted by a large majority to allow member states to give assistance for reconstruction of Iraq Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) proposed by U.S. President for the first time U.S.-Russia Summit meeting held and the strategic offensive reductions treaty between U.S. and Russia ratified China and India sign a statement concerning the bilateral and comprehensive cooperation principles Iraq’s Governing Council inaugurated Australian-led peacekeeping missions to the Solomon Islands begin U.N. Security Council adopts a resolution to dispatch a multinational force to Liberia North Korea holds the 11th Supreme People’s Assembly election Suicide bombing against U.S. affiliated-hotel in Jakarta Shanghai Cooperation Organization holds joint anti- terrorism military maneuvers (through August 12) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) takes over command of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Germany and Netherlands Large-scale exercises held in Far Eastern region in Russia Suicide bombing on U.N. headquarters in Baghdad A series of terrorist bombings in Mumbai U.S. Air Force ends military activities at Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia First Six-Party Talks held (through August 29) China announces reduction of force by 200,000 soldiers|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2003|||||Sep 3 Sep 9 Sep 12 Sep 12 Sep 23 Sep 24 Oct 2 Oct 2 Oct 3 Oct 8 Oct 15 Oct 16 Oct 23 Oct 23 Oct 29 Nov 6 Nov 8 Nov 12 Nov 12|North Korea convenes the first meeting of the 11th Supreme People’s Assembly North Korea marks the 55th anniversary of its founding U.N. Security Council adopts Resolution 1506 to lift the sanctions imposed against Libya since 1992, including the ban on all airline services and embargo of oil related goods First joint naval exercise held in the Coral Sea off the northeastern coast of Australia under the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) (through September 14) U.S.-France Summit held (New York) Germany-France-Russia summit held (New York) North Korean Foreign Ministry announces it has finished reprocessing spent nuclear fuel rods Russian Defense Ministry announces “The priority tasks of the Development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” Pakistan test-fires “Ghaznavi” Pakistan test-fires “Shaheen-1” China becomes the third country to successfully launch a manned spacecraft into orbit, following the United States and the former Soviet Union UNSC unanimously adopts Resolution 1511 on the reconstruction of Iraq International Donors’ Conference for the Reconstruction of Iraq (Madrid) (through October 24) Russia establishes air force base in Kyrgyz NATO Secretary General Robertson visits Russia (through October 30) Russia-E.U. Summit held (Rome) Terrorist bombing at a housing compound at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Suicide bombing on Italian Force in southern Iraq Autonomous Palestinian government led by Ahmed Qureia formally inaugurated|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2003|||||Nov 15 Nov 20 Nov 23 Nov 24 Nov 26 Nov 26 Nov 27 Nov 28 Dec 1 Dec 3 Dec 4 Dec 5 Dec 9 Dec 11 Dec 13 Dec 14 Dec 18 Dec 19 Dec 26|Terrorist bombings of Jewish synagogues in Istanbul, Turkey Terrorist bombings of the British Consulate building in Istanbul, Turkey In Georgian parliament, opposition power forces President Shevardnadze to resign; former Speaker of the parliament serves as acting president U.S. President Bush makes a statement about emphasis on consultation with allies in connection with global posture review of U.S. forces Kashmir ceasefire agreement comes into force Denouncing Iran for its undeclared nuclear activities, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) board of governors unanimously adopts resolution to welcome its proactive cooperation U.S. President Bush visits Iraq Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) conference adopts protocol that calls for preventive and technical measures (with particular reference to cluster bombs) to minimize unexploded bombs and users’ cooperation to collect them German Chancellor Schroeder visits China (through December 4) China issues White Paper on China’s Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures Australia decides to participate in missile defense program First meeting of advisory committee on comprehensive U.N. reform held EU delegation visits North Korea ASEAN-Japan Commemorative Summit (Tokyo) (through December 12) U.S. forces capture former President Hussein in Iraq Attempted assassination of Pakistani President Musharraf (also attempted on December 25) Iran signs IAEA agreement Libya announces abandonment of weapons of mass destruction program Massive earthquake strikes Iran|


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|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2004|Jan 9 Jan 11 Jan 16 Jan 16 Jan 22 Jan 26 Feb 1 Feb 3 Feb 14 Feb 16 Feb 21 Mar 3 Mar 3 Mar 4 Mar 13 Mar 15 Mar 17 Mar 21|Dispatch order issued to GSDF advance team and main ASDF unit Defense Minister Ishiba visits U.K., Netherlands, and France (through Jan. 16) Ceremony to confer guidons to GSDF unit for reconstruction assistance to Iraq; unit leaves for Iraq Cabinet decision made for revision of implementation plan on international peace cooperation activities in Golan Heights Main ASDF unit leaves (Second team, on January 26) GSDF first group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq formed; dispatch order issued to main GSDF unit Ceremony to confer guidons to GSDF first group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq, etc. (main GSDF unit) Advance team of main GSDF unit leaves for Iraq Dispatch maritime transport unit leaves (Kure) Dispatch maritime transport unit leaves (Yokosuka) First team of main GSDF unit leaves ASDF begins transport activities; medical equipment, etc. transported by air from Kuwait to Iraq Seventeenth Golan Heights Dispatch SDF Transport Unit replaces Sixteenth Unit Epidemic prevention activities conducted in response to outbreak of avian influenza in Tanba-cho, Kyoto (disaster relief dispatch) (through March 11) Second team of main GSDF unit leaves MSDF unit arrives in Kuwait and lands GSDF vehicles, etc. Second-term main ASDF unit leaves (second team on April 16) Third team of main GSDF unit leaves|Feb 9 Feb 24 Feb 25 Mar 9 Apr 8 Apr 20 Apr 23 May 22 Jun 14|Implementation of response measures approved in Diet U.N. Secretary General Annan addresses the Japanese Diet East Timor President Gusmao visits Defense Agency of Japan Cabinet decision made on seven bills on legislation concerning contingency response measures and three conventions required for Diet’s approval Japanese hostages taken in Iraq Council for security and defense capabilities established (first meeting held on April 27) Cabinet decision made for revision of basic plan on Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Dispatch is extended to November 1, 2004) Japan-North Korea Summit held (Pyongyang) 5 abductees return to Japan Seven bills on legislation concerning contingency response measures passed in Upper House plenary session and conclusion of three treaties approved|Jan 4 Jan 4 Jan 12 Jan 15 Jan 25 Feb 4 Feb 4 Feb 16 Feb 18 Feb 25 Feb 29 Mar 2 Mar 5 Mar 8 Mar 9 Mar 11 Mar 12 Mar 14 Mar 20 Mar 21|In Afghanistan, new constitution adopted in the constitutional Loya Girga (Grand Assembly) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit held (Islamabad) U.S.-India announces plan called the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization established Mr. Saakashvili inaugurated as Georgia’s new president Pakistani government admits Dr. Khan’s involvement in suspected nuclear technology proliferation issues, but denies government’s involvement Australia publishes “Defence Capability Plan 2004-2014” India-Pakistan composite dialogue (through February 18) Russian President Putin mentions development of new type of missiles Second Six-Party Talks held (Beijing) (through February 28) Haitian President Aristide resigns Terrorist bombings occur in the midst of the Shiite holy Ashura rituals in Karbala and Baghdad China’s National People’s Congress held, and “three representatives” theory, private property rights, etc. specified in the constitution Russia-NATO joint Command Post Exercises held (Colorado Springs) (through March 12) Pakistan test-fires “Shaheen-2” Terrorist bombings on commuter train system in Madrid, Spain ROK parliament passes impeachment bill against President Roh Moo-hyun Kim Jong-Il, North Korean President, informally visits China President Putin reelected in Russian presidential elections President Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party reelected in Taiwan’s presidential election Malaysia’s ruling coalition wins a major election victory|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2004|Mar 26 Mar 27 Apr 8 Apr 21 Apr 23 Apr 24 Apr 27 May 8 May 15 May 18 May 20 May 21 May 22 May 23 May 31 Jun 6|Introduction of ballistic missile defense system decided in Diet (FY 2004 budget proposal approved and enacted in Upper House plenary session) GSDF first group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq arrives in Samawah (approx. 600 personnel) Dispatch maritime transport unit returns home (Kure and Yokosuka) GSDF second group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq formed 24th Japan-U.S. regular consultative meeting on equipment and techniques (Washington D.C.) Events in celebration of return of ASDF airborne unit for reconstruction assistance to Iraq, etc. (first-term) Order issued for second group to replace the first group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq Ceremony to confer guidons to GSDF second group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq, etc.; first team of second main GSDF unit leaves Second team of the second main GSDF unit leaves Senior Vice Minister Hamada visits East Timor (through May 22) Ceremony to commemorate the completion of current missions of Fourth Dispatch Engineering Group to East Timor Ceremony to grant East Timor PKO equipment and materials Third team of second main GSDF unit leaves Administrative Vice Minister for Defense Moriya visits India (through May 27) GSDF first unit dispatched to Iraq returns; East Timor PKO headquarters personnel begin to return home Ceremony to return guidons for the first group for reconstruction assistance to Iraq|||Mar 22 Mar 22 Mar 25 Mar 29 Apr 2 Apr 7 Apr 14 Apr 15 Apr 17 Apr 19 Apr 19 Apr 20 Apr 22 Apr 23 Apr 24 Apr 27 Apr 28 May 1 May 2 May 5 May 5 May 9 May 10|EU General Affairs Council agrees upon development of the structure and organization of the rapid response capabilities of the EU Israel assassinates Sheikh Yassin, spiritual leader of Hamas EU Summit held (through March 26) Seven central and eastern European countries newly join NATO President’s party wins Sri Lankan general election Secretary General of NATO visits Russia U.S. President Bush holds talks with Israeli Prime Minister Sharon ROK holds general elections Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero inaugurated A train explosion occurs at railway station at Ryongchon, northwestern part of North Korea Kim Jong-Il, Chairman of the National Defense Commission, visits China (through April 21) Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi visits Russia A train explosion occurs in northwestern North Korea U.S. announces it will ease its economic sanctions on Libya, to a major extent Proposal to reunite Cyprus rejected Libyan leader Colonel Gaddafi visits EU headquarters in Belgium UNSC unanimously adopts Resolution 1540 calling for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction Ten Eastern European countries newly join EU New cabinet formed in Poland As a result of the Indonesian general elections, the Golkar party is returned as the leading party Terrorist bombing in Athens, Greece Chechen President Kadyrov assassinated Philippines holds general election|


-----

|Year|Defense|Col3|Domestic|Col5|International|Col7|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2004|||||May 13 May 14 May 14 May 18 May 20 May 20 May 22 May 22 May 29 Jun 1 Jun 8 Jun 8|As a result of the Indian general elections, the Congress party is returned as the leading party May 14 ROK’s Constitutional Court rejects impeachment against President Roh Moo- hyun UNSC adopts Resolution 1543 to extend the mission period of U.N. Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) U.S. announces dispatch of U.S. forces in ROK to Iraq Taiwan’s President Chen Shui- bian inaugurated U.N. Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) hands over policing and defense authority to the Government of East Timor Arab League Summit held (through May 23) New Indian cabinet, led by Singh, inaugurated Pakistan test-fires Gauri Interim Iraqi Government inaugurated, and Iraqi Governing Council dissolved UNSC unanimously adopts Resolution 1546 on reconstruction of Iraq Sea Island Summit held (through June 10)|



-  Listed in detail for two most recent years (2003–2004) as targeted in this White Paper.


-----

**Abbreviations**

**A**

**ABM / Anti-Ballistic Missile**
A missile fired to intercept and destroy a strategic nuclear ballistic missile launched by another party (ABM Treaty: A
treaty that limits the deployment of ballistic missiles that defend respective territories against strategic ballistic
missiles in order to restrict the competition between the United States and the then-Soviet Union on strategic
offensive weapons).

**ACSA / Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement**
Name given in U.S. municipal law regarding an agreement that stipulates a framework for acquisition and crossservicing between U.S. forces and foreign forces. The Japan-United States Acquisition and Cross-Servicing
Agreement falls under this agreement, which stipulates a framework for the SDF and U.S. Armed Forces to provide
each other with goods and services necessary for joint exercises, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and
international humanitarian relied efforts under the principle of reciprocity (entered into force in 1996). Both sides
concluded an amended agreement in 1999 which also targets operations to respond to situations surrounding
Japan.

**AG / Australia Group**
Arms control and reduction group involving the participation of 33 countries, including Japan, which implements
export regulations to aim for the non-proliferation of on biological and chemical weapons materials, manufacturing
equipment and related technologies.

**AMORS / Asia-Pacific Military Operation Research Symposium**
A forum held by the participating countries in rotation, aimed at exchanging information on logistics support
activities and attended by countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

**ANZUS / Australia-New Zealand-United States of America Treaty**
ANZUS Treaty, a trilateral security treaty concluded among Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of
America, was enacted in 1952. However, the United States has continued to suspend the defense of New Zealand
since 1986, as New Zealand has adopted a nuclear-free policy.

**APEC / Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation**
Economic cooperation that is participated in by 21 countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific region.

**ARF / ASEAN Regional Forum**
A forum across the region for dialogue. It began in 1994 as a forum for exchanging opinions on political and
security issue in the Asia-Pacific region.

**ASEAN / Association of Southeast Asian Nations**
Organization for regional cooperation comprised of 10 Southeast Asian nations (established in 1967).

**AWACS / Airborne Warning and Control System**
Aircraft equipped with offshore oceanographic early warning control system functions and control system
capabilities that act as a substitute for a land warning and control system structure.

**B**

**BADGE / Base Air Defense Ground Environment**

**BMD / Ballistic Missile Defense**
A defense concept which consists of TMD, currently being researched by the U.S., which defends U.S. forces
stationed abroad and friendly and allied nations from tactical and theater ballistic missiles, and NMD, which defends
the U.S. mainland from long-rage ballistic missiles.

**BWC / Biological Weapons Convention**
A convention, which took effect in 1975, banning the development, production and stockpiling of biological
weapons and requiring their destruction.


-----

**C[4]ISR / Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance**

**CALS/EC / Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support/Electronic Commerce**
Measure for reducing necessary time relating to cost reduction, development and procurement, and improving
product quality, by sharing information gained over equipment life cycles through computerization and database
creation.

**CAP / Combat Air Patrol**
Armed airborne alert by fighters in order to be able to respond to approaching enemy aircraft.

**CBM / Confidence-Building Measures**
Measures taken with the view to preventing accidental military conflicts and building confidence among states.
Specific efforts include advancing military information disclosure, setting regulations on certain military actions,
and promoting military exchanges.

**CCS / Central Command System**
Central command system that is connected online to Ground, Maritime and Air Self-Defense Force command
systems, and conducts integrated processing, etc.

**CCW / Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed**
to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.
A convention prohibiting or restricting the use of certain conventional weapons such as landmines, booby traps,
and incendiary weapons, which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or cause unnecessary suffering (enacted
in 1983).

**CFE / Conventional Armed Forces in Europe**
CFE Treaty: First treaty for arms control and disarmament of conventional East-West war potential that stipulates a
ceiling on possession of five categories of weapons, including tanks and armored vehicles, by both Eastern and
Western groups (entered into force in 1992). Agreement reached in 1999 to switch to a region-specific ceiling and
introduce a ceiling mechanism for individual countries and territories.

**CHOD / Asia-Pacific Chiefs of Defense Conference**
A forum for exchanges of views among defense chiefs from Asia-Pacific countries in the area of security, hosted
each year by the U.S. forces.

**CICA / Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia**
A conference to share opinions on regional security issues, established in 1992 through an initiative of President
Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan, with 18 member countries and organizations. Japan participates in the CICA as an
observer.

**CIS / Commonwealth of Independent States**
A commonwealth comprised of independent states from the former Soviet Union (excluding the three Baltic
republics).

**CMAC / Cambodian Mine Action Center**
Established in 1992 as a private organization within Cambodia by the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC),
with the complete support of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). After UNTAC’s 1993
pullout, it became an independent Cambodian public organization by royal decree. CMAC is now carrying out mine
removal and other operations.

**COCOM / Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Strategic Export Controls**
An export control committee set up to regulate exports of strategic goods and technologies to ex-Communist bloc
countries (1949–94).

**COE / Common Operating Environment**
Operating software that is shared by computer systems of each SDF body, etc.


-----

**CRYPTREC / Cryptography Research & Evaluation Committees**
Committee constituted with Japanese cryptographers that evaluates the cryptographic techniques from a
professional perspective.

**CSBM / Confidence and Security-Building Measures**
Confidence-building experiment for the exchange of military information and military exchanges, and the
notification, inspection and restriction of exercises, etc. Advanced primarily in Europe since the late 1980s.

**CSCE / Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe**
A forum for dialogue on wide-ranging issues—security, economy, and human rights—promoted in Europe since
the 1970s, and subsequently absorbed by the OSCE in 1995.

**CTBT / Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty**
A treaty totally banning nuclear tests which entail nuclear explosions. This treaty has not yet taken effect.

**CWC / Chemical Weapons Convention**
A convention banning the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons, and requiring the
signatory countries to discard all chemical weapons they hold (entered into force in 1997).

**D**

**DC / Direction Center**
A command center that controls interception of aircraft, etc., based on information from radar sites, etc.

**DII / Defense Information Infrastructure**
An integrated network of all SDF provided in the Mid-Term Defense Program (FY 2001–FY 2005).

**DMZ / Demilitarized Zone**
A zone established along the cease-fire line between the Republic of Korea and North Korea in order to restrict the
deployment of military force.

**DO CONF / Director of Operations Conference**
A forum held by the U.S. and participating countries in rotation each year (held twice annually in 1996 and 1997),
where Directors of Operations in the Pacific Rim region exchange views.
DSRV / Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
A type of submarine rescue equipment. It submerges under its own power, attaches itself to a distressed
submarine’s escape hatch and collects crew members.

**E**

**EC / European Community**
The economic integrated body of Europe.

**ERW / Explosive Remnants of War**

**ESEP / Engineering and Scientists Exchange Program**
A program conducted between U.S. and Japanese defense authorities. Engineers and scientists from either side are
accepted into the other side’s research institution for a certain period of time to engage in joint research projects
with the engineers and scientists of the partner country.

**EU / European Union**
A political and integrated economic body that, based on the EC, continually advances economic and monetary
union, and pursues common diplomatic and security policy, and cooperation in a wide range of areas, including
judicial and home affairs.


-----

**FAO / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations**
An organization established in 1945 for the purpose of improving the nutrition levels and living standards,
enhancing the agricultural productivity, and upgrading the living conditions of rural people.

**G**

**GDP / Gross Domestic Product**

**GMD / Ground-based Mid-course Defense**
A system to intercept long-range ballistic missiles in mid-course from a ground silo. It enables interception of the
target beyond the atmosphere.

**H**

**HCOC / Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation**
Codes of conduct for the non-proliferation of ballistic missiles, adopted in The Hague, the Netherlands, in November
2002. The code is open also to non-member countries of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

**I**

**IAEA / International Atomic Energy Agency**
An organization established to promote the peaceful use of atomic energy and prevent its conversion for military
use (established in 1957).

**ICBM / Intercontinental Ballistic Missile**
Ballistic missile with a range of 5,500 km or more (regulated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union under SALT II). Other
types include a missile with a firing range of over 6,400 km.

**IFOR / Implementation Force**
A multinational force approved by the U.N. Security Council and commanded by NATO, engaged in PKOs in Bosnia
and authorized to use armed force to impose peace.

**IISS / International Institute for Strategic Studies**

**IMSS / IMINT (Imaginary Intelligence) Supports System**

**INF / Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces**
Missiles with a range of 500–5,500 km, their launcher, support facilities and equipment (regulated by the INF
Treaty).

**ISAF / International Security Assistance Force**
Based on the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1386, the force was established to support and maintain security in
Kabul and its surrounding areas. Resolution 1510 enabled the force’s regional deployment.

**ISG / Inter-sessional Support Symposium Group**
Working-level intergovernmental group to consult on confidence-building measures prior to the ARF.

**ISS / International Sea power Symposium**
A forum hosted by the U.S. every other year, where naval chiefs from various countries exchange views on naval
issues.

**IT / Information Technology**
Machine and instrument software technologies that support computers and the Internet.


-----

**JEGS / Japan Environmental Governing Standards**
An environmental governing standard that was created by U.S. Forces Japan (USFJ) with aims to ensure the health
of the people and preserve the natural environment that is affected by the activities and facilities of USFJ. It
establishes the management of environmental pollutants and storage methods.

**JICA / Japan International Cooperation Agency**
A special corporation established in 1974 that receives training participants from and dispatches experts to
developing countries, dispatches Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers and Japan Disaster Relief Teams.

**JSF / Joint Strike Fighter**
Fighter attacker whose basic design is commonly shared and jointly under development by the U.S. Navy, Air Force
and Marines.

**K**

**KEDO / Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization**
A joint international undertaking based on the U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework supporting North Korea’s
transition from graphite deceleration atomic reactors to light-water reactors and providing replacement energy.

**KFOR / Kosovo Force**
Multilateral force composed of the NATO Army deployed in Kosovo since 1999, based on a U.N. Security Council
resolution.

**L**

**LTTE / The Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam**
An armed rebel organization of Tamils, a minority in Sri Lanka, established in 1976. It aims at the separation and
independence of Northern and Eastern areas, where most of the Tamils live.

**M**

**MANPADS / Man Portable Air Defense System**
Surface-to-air missile systems specially designed to be carried and fired by a single individual.

**MCAP03 / Multinational Cooperation program in the Asia Pacific 2003**
A program to invite army representatives from the Asia-Pacific area to promote understanding concerning the GSDF
and exchange opinions about multilateral cooperation, including humanitarian support and disaster relief, among
the parties.

**MLST / Multilateral Logistics Staff Talks**
An annual forum that invites logistics personnel in turn from the Asia-Pacific and European counties to exchange
opinions about logistics systems (stances).

**MONUC / United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo**
A peace-keeping operation established by the U.N. Security Council’s resolution, mainly aiming at observing the
cease-fire in Congo.

**MOOTW / Military Operations Others Than War**
Military activities other than war, such as PKOs and humanitarian aid activities. Also known as OOTW.

**MOTAPM / Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines**

**MTCR / Missile Technology Control Regime**
A framework to ensure the non-proliferation of missile-related materials and technologies involving the participation
of 33 countries, including Japan, which implements export controls on such materials and technologies.


-----

**NATO / North Atlantic Treaty Organization**
A security alliance established primarily among European countries and the U.S. and based on the North Atlantic
Treaty. It is currently composed of 19 countries and its headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.

**NBC / Nuclear, Biological or Chemical**
A generic term for substances that are related to weapons of mass destruction that are nuclear, biological or
chemical. Typically dubbed “NBC weapons.”

**NEACD / Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue**
An unofficial attempt for security dialogue among various northeastern Asian nations (government officials and
private researchers from Japan, U.S., Russia, Republic of Korea (ROK), and China were in attendance), held by the
University of California, San Diego’s research institute. Governmental project.

**NGO / Non-Governmental Organization**
A generic term for private organizations, in relation to government institutions undertaking international cooperation
activities including those of the U.N.

**NLL / Northern Limit Line**
A line demarcated by U.N. forces regulating the northern limit of activity for U.N. aircraft and vessels in the Korean
Peninsula. The line was established in 1953.

**NPO / Non-Profit Organization**
An organization that carries out non-profit-making social contribution activities.

**NPT / Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty**
A treaty designed to check the proliferation of nuclear weapons and encourage the peaceful use of nuclear materials
and technology.

**NSG / Nuclear Suppliers Group**
A group established for the export control or nuclear exclusive and dual-use products and their related
technologies. It involves the participation of 40 countries including Japan.

**O**

**OECD / Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development**
International organization to coordinate and harmonize economic policies among developed countries.

**ONUMOZ / United Nations Operation in Mozambique**
A U.N. PKO in Mozambique, in which Japan participated from 1993 to 1995 in the headquarters, transport
operations and as electoral observers.

**OPCW / Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons**
An organization charged with carrying out the inspections prescribed in the Chemical Weapons Convention.

**OSCE / Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe**
A regional organization aimed at promoting security and cooperation throughout the entire European region. It
evolved from the Conference on Security and Cooperation Europe (CSCE) in 1995.

**P**

**PAC-3 / PATRIOT Advanced Capability-3**
A system designed to intercept short- or mid-range missiles from ground-based patriot launchers in their terminal
course within the lower atmosphere.

**PACC / Pacific Armies Chiefs Conference**
PACC is a forum held by the U.S., every other year, with the Pacific Armies Management Seminar (PAMS). It
provides an arena where the Army chiefs of Pacific region countries can exchange views.


-----

**PACC / Pacific Air Chiefs Conference**
PACC is a forum held jointly by the U.S. and its participating countries in rotation, every other year. It provides an
arena for the air chiefs of the participating countries to exchange views on issues of common concern to air forces.

**PAMS / Pacific Armies Management Seminar**
A conference held on a rotating basis by the U.S. and other members every other year, providing a forum for the
armies of each country in the Asia-Pacific region to exchange information on the most effective and economical
management methods for training ground troops.

**PASOLS / Pacific Area Senior Officer Logistics Seminar**
PASOLS is a forum held by its participating counties in rotation, aimed at exchanging information on logistics
support activities and attended by countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

**PCC / Prague Capabilities Commitment**
A commitment for NATO member countries to help reduce differences in military capabilities between the United
States and European countries, including improvement in defense capabilities against chemical, biological, and
radioactive weapons.

**PfP / Partnership for Peace**
A framework created in 1994 for the purpose of strengthening various forms of cooperation, focusing on defense
cooperation between NATO and non-NATO European countries.

**PKF / Peacekeeping Force**

**PKO / Peacekeeping Operation**
Activities organized, based on a U.N. resolution, to promote international peace and stability in response to a
conflict, by ensuring that ceasefires are observed by the parties to the conflict, under a U.N. mandate.

**PLO / Palestine Liberation Organization**
A political organization established in 1964 to represent the Palestinian people.

**PSI / Proliferation Security Initative**
Initiative to examine possible actions to be taken jointly by member countries to prevent the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction and related materials.

**Q**

**QDR / Quadrennial Defense Review**
A review of the defense program of the U.S., conducted once every four years by the Secretary of Defense (reported
to the U.S. Congress in 1997 and 2001) pursuant to the Military Capability Revision Act, which took effect in 1996.

**R**

**RMA / Revolution in Military Affairs**
A revolutionary change occurring in military operations and the nature of warfare, brought about by the
advancement of technology and other such changes.

**S**

**S&TF / Systems and Technology Forum**
A forum for discussions between Japan and the U.S. on equipment technology cooperation, including joint research
and development as well as procurement policy.

**SAARC / South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation**
A regional cooperation organization established in 1985 by seven South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), aiming at promoting the economic growth and social development of
member countries.


-----

**SACO / Special Action Committee on Okinawa**
A Japan-U.S. committee established in November 1995, with the purpose of consulting on the various issues
relating to the facilities and areas of U.S. forces stationed in Okinawa.

**SAM / Surface-to Air Missile**

**SCC / Security Consultative Committee**
A forum for policy consultations between Cabinet members of Japan and the U.S.

**SDC / Subcommittee for Defense Cooperation**
A subcommittee under the SCC for study and consultation on the modalities for Japan-U.S. cooperation.

**SDR / Strategic Defense Review**
A report demonstrating the national defense policies of the U.K. This sets out guidelines to promote the
modernization of forces in order to enable them to respond to new challenges (published 1998).

**SFOR / Stabilization Force**
A multinational force which took over the mission from the Implementation Force (IFOR) for peacekeeping in Bosnia
in December 1996.

**SLBM / Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile**

**SMD / Sea-based Mid-course Defense**
A system designed to intercept short- or mid-range ballistic missiles in their mid-course phase outside the
atmosphere, from Aegis cruisers at sea.

**SOM / Senior Officials Meeting**
Senior working-level meeting held prior to the ARF Ministerial Meeting.

**SSC / Security Subcommittee**
A forum for substantial and working-level discussions on the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements.

**SSM / Surface to Surface Missile**

**START I / Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I**
A treaty between the United States and Russia (former Soviet Union) signed in 1991, enacted and enforced in 1994,
stipulating fixed reductions in the number of warheads maintained and the means of transportation for strategic
nuclear weapons.

**START II / Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II**
A treaty, following that of START I, signed by the U.S. and Russia in 1993 for the purpose of reducing strategic
nuclear warheads (not yet entered into force).

**T**

**THAAD / Theater High Altitude Area Defense**
A system designed to intercept ballistic missiles from ground mobile launchers in their terminal phase outside the
atmosphere or within the upper atmosphere

**U**

**UAV / Unmanned Aerial Vehicle**
An unmanned aircraft to survey and monitor the situation from the air above battle grounds.

**UNDOF / United Nations Disengagement Observer Force**
A U.N. PKF responsible for observing the cease-fire between Israel and Syria in the Golan Heights in southern Syria,
and for the state of implementation of agreements relating to it (e.g., the arms disengagement of both Israeli and
Syrian forces). Having been established in 1974 following the fourth Middle East war, UNDOF has been conducting
operations for about 30 years to the present.


-----

**UNHCR / United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees**
An organization charged with the mission of helping refugees return to their own countries voluntarily or to resettle
in a third country, by proving them with international protection.

**UNMEE / United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea**
A U.N. PKO on the border of Ethiopia and Eritrea to monitor the cease-fire, help ensure the implementation of the
cease-fire agreement by both countries, and to monitor the redeployment of troops from both countries.

**UNMISET / United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor**
An organization that consisted of civilian, civilian police, and military sectors. It was established on May 20, 2002,
to help build East Timor, which attained independence in 2002.

**UNMOVIC / United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission**
Established in the basis of comprehensive U.N. Security Council Resolution 1284 (adopted in 1999). It implements
a reinforced system of ongoing monitoring and verification in place of UNSCOM.

**UNOSOM II / United Nations Operation in Somalia II**
A U.N. PKF charged with the mission of observing the cease-fire in Somalia. This PKF was authorized to use
compulsory measures under the provisions of Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter. It was stationed in Somalia between
1993–1995.

**UNPROFOR / United Nations Protection Force**
A U.N. PKF dispatched to the former Yugoslavia with the mission of assisting the UNHCR, promotion the cease-fire
and enhancing public stability. To this end, the peacekeeping force was authorized to use armed force. It transferred
its authority to IFOR in 1995.

**UNTAC / United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia**
Organization that temporarily administered Cambodia from 1992 to 1993, until Cambodia’s general election and
subsequent establishment of a government.

**UNTAET / United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor**
An organization that took transitional assistance control in all legislative, administrative and judicial area until the
official independence of East Timor. It was established in 1999.

**W**

**WEU / Western European Union**
An organization established in 1948 by European countries for economic, social and cultural cooperation and
collective defense.

**WFP / The United Nations World Food Program**
An organization that donates food to support economic and social development and meet emergency needs in
developing countries. It was established in 1963.

**WPNS / Western Pacific Naval Symposium**
A symposium held on a rotating basis by participating countries in the years when no ISS is held, providing a forum
for exchange of opinions among naval chiefs.

**WPO / Warsaw Pact Organization**
A military organization formed by the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, and dissolved in 1991,

**WTO / Word Trade Organization**
An international organization that is absorbing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and
strengthening its authority.


-----

###### Organizational Diagram of the Self-Defense Forces (As of March 31, 2004)

**Minister of State for Defense and Director-General of the Defense Agency**

**Chief of Staff, GSDF** **Chief of Staff, MSDF** **Chief of Staff, ASDF**
**Ground Staff Office** **Maritime Staff Office** **Air Staff Office**

**Northern Army** 2nd Division (Asahikawa) **Self-Defense** **Fleet Escort** 1st Escort Flotilla (Yokosuka) **Air Defense** **Northern Air** 2nd Air Wing (Chitose)

5th Bridge (Obihiro) **Fleet** **Force** 2nd Escort Flotilla (Sasebo) **Command** **Defense Force** 3rd Air Wing (Misawa)
7th Division (Higashi Chitose) Northern Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Misawa)
11th Division (Makomanai) 3rd Escort Flotilla (Maizuru) 3rd Air Defense Missile Group (Chitose)
1st Tank Group (Kita Eniwa) 4th Escort Flotilla (Kure) 6th Air Defense Missile Group (Misawa)
1st Artillery Brigade (Kita Chitose) Others Others
1st Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade (Higashi Chitose)
3rd Engineer Brigade (Minami Eniwa) **Fleet Air Force** 1st Fleet Air Wing (Kanoya)
Others 2nd Fleet Air Wing (Hachinohe)

**Central Air** 6th Air Wing (Komatsu)

**Northeastern Army** 6th Division (Jinmachi) 4th Fleet Air Wing (Atsugi) **Defense Force** 7th Air Wing (Hyakuri)

9th Division (Aomori) 5th Fleet Air Wing (Naha) Central Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Iruma)

1st Air Defense Missile Group (Iruma)

2nd Artillery Brigade (Sendai) 21st Fleet Air Wing (Tateyama)

4th Air Defense Missile Group (Gifu)

5th Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Hachinohe) 22nd Fleet Air Wing (Omura) Others
2nd Engineer Brigade (Funaoka)

31st Fleet Air Wing (Iwakuni)

Others **Western Air** 5th Air Wing (Nyutabaru)

Others

**Defense Force** 8th Air Wing (Tsuiki)

**Eastern Army** 1st Division (Nerima) Western Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Kasuga)

12th Brigade (Somagahara) **Fleet Submarine** 1st Submarine Flotilla (Kure)

2nd Air Defense Missile Group (Kasuga)

1st Airborne Brigade (Narashino) **Force** 2nd Submarine Flotilla (Yokosuka) Others
2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Matsudo)

Others

1st Engineer Brigade (Koga) **Southwestern** 83rd Air Wing (Naha)
1st Training Brigade (Takeyama) **Composite Air Division** Southern Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Naha)
Others Minesweeper Flotilla (Yokosuka) 5th Air Defense Missile Group (Naha)

Fleet Development Command (Yokosuka) Others

**Middle Army** 3rd Division (Senzo)

Fleet Intelligence Command (Yokosuka)

10th Division (Moriyama) Others
13th Brigade (Kaitaichi) Others
2nd Combined Brigade (Zentsuji)
8th Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Aonogahara) **Yokosuka Regional District** **Air Support Command** Air Rescue Wing (Iruma)

1st Tactical Airlift Group (Komaki)

4th Engineer Brigade (Okubo)

**Kure Regional District** 2nd Tactical Airlift Group (Iruma)

2nd Training Brigade (Otsu)

3rd Tactical Airlift Group (Miho)

Others

**Sasebo Regional District** Air Traffic Control Service Group (Iruma)

Air Weather Service Group (Fuchu)

**Western Army** 4th Division (Fukuoka) **Maizuru Regional District** Others

8th Division (Kita Kumamoto)
1st Combined Brigade (Naha) **Ominato Regional District** **Air Training Command** 1st Air Wing (Hamamatsu)

4th Air Wing (Matsushima)

3rd Artillery Group (Yufuin)

11th Flying Training Wing (Shizuhama)

2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade (Iizuka)

12th Flying Training Wing (Hofukita)

5th Engineer Brigade (Ogori)

Air Training Command (Shimofusa) 13th Flying Training Wing (Ashiya)

3rd Training Brigade (Ainoura)

Training Squadron (Kure) Air Basic Training Wing (Hofuminami)

Others

System Communication Command (Ichigaya) Others
Oceanographic Command (Yokosuka)

1st Helicopter Brigade (Kisarazu) **Air Development and Testing Command** Air Development and Test Wing (Gifu)
Signal Brigade (Ichigaya) Supply Headquarters (Jujo) Electronics Development and Testing Group (Iruma)
Research Headquarters (Asaka) Other units and organizations Aero-Medical Laboratory (Tachikawa)
Ground Material Control Center (Jujo) Others
Other units and organizations

Air Material Command Headquarters (Jujo)

Other units and organizations


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**Location of Principal SDF Units (As of March 31, 2004)**


Rebun Island Wakkanai

0 200km

Takeshima

**2nd Division2Division**

Tobetsu Nayoro

AsahikawaAsahikawa **Northern Air Defense Force**

Okushiri Island Makomanai

SapporoSapporo

**Western Air Defense Force** **Northern ArmyNorthern Army**

**11th Division11[th] Division**

ChitoseChitose Higashi ChitoseHigashi Chitose Abashiri

Unijima Obihiro

**7th Division7[th] Division** **5th Bridge**

Nemuro

Mishima Ominato

Kamo Aomori

Sefuriyama Takaosan Erimo

**Sasebo RegionalDistrict UnitFukuejima** Kita KumamotoKita KumamotoKita KumamotoSaseboSaseboOmuraOmura TakematsuTakematsuakematsuKengunKasugaKasuga4th Division4[th] Division DivisionIizukaTsuikiFukuokaFukuoka Iwakuni13th BrigadeKaitaichiKureMiddle Army **Maizuru RegionalDistrict UnitKyogamisaki** KomatsuKomatsuKomatsuWajima Sado JinmachiNorthNorthArmyArmyArmyNorth9th Divisioneasterneastern YamadaHachinoheMisawa **Ominato RegionalDistrict Unit** **Defense AgencyGround, Maritime and Air Staff Office**

Maizuru

Shimokoshikijima **Western Army** **10th Division** **Ground Self-Defense Force**

**8th Division** **2nd CombinedZentsuji** AonoharaAonohara Itami Gifu **12th Brigade** Sendai

NyutabaruNyutabaru **Brigade** Senzo **Eastern Army** **6th Division** Army Headquarters

KanoyaKanoya TakahatayamaTakahatayamaakahatayama Division Headquarters

**3rd Division** MoriyamaMoriyamaMoriyama Somagahara OtakineyamaOtakineyamaOtakineyama Brigade Headquarters and Combined Headquarters

KasatoriyamaKasatoriyamaKasatoriyama

KushimotoKushimotoKushimoto Airborne Brigades

**1st Division**

**Kure Regional** Ichigaya Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units

Omaezaki

**District Unit** Helicopter Brigades

**Southwestern Composite** **Yokosuka Regional**
**Air Division** **District Unit**

**Maritime Self-Defense Force**

Iruma

Asaka

Self-Defense Fleet Headquarters

**Central Air Defense Force** Nerima

Senkaku Islands FuchuFuchu Regional District Headquarters

Atsugi Ichigaya MatsudoMatsudo Hyakuri Principal Naval Bases

FunakoshiFunakoshi Narashino Principal Air Bases (Fixed-Wing Patrol Aircraft Units)
YokosukaYokosuka

Principal Air Bases (Patrol Helicopter Unit)

Kisarazu

MineokayamaMineokayama
Tateyama

**Air Self-Defense Force**

**Southwestern Composite**
**Air Division** Air Defense Command Headquarters

Air Defense Force Headquarters and Southwestern

Kume Island Composite Air Defense Headquarters
Miyako Island Okinoerabu Island

Fighter Unit

Yozadake

Naha Ground-to-Air Missile Units

**1st Combined Brigade** Aircraft Control and Warning Units (Radar Site)


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