###### Republic of Argentina ### WHITE BOOK ## on ### NATIONAL ###### 1999 ----- © Copyright: Ministry of Defense - Buenos Aires - Argentina Deposit made ace. to Act. 11,723. All rights reserved. No part of this publication, total or partial, may be reproduced without permission from the Publisher. **I.S.B.N.: 987-97497-1-5 (Act. 22,399)** ----- ###### TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Message from the President of Argentina VII Introduction by the Minister of Defense XI Ministry of Defense XVII Credits XXI Abbreviations & Acronyms XXIII Figures, Tables and Graphs XXIX PART I - THE STRATEGIC SCENARIO Chapter 1 - Global Overview 1. Changes in the international environment 1-3 ###### 2. Transition features 1-5 3. Effects on security and defense 1-9 Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension 1. The Western Hemisphere. Its political-structural consolidation 2-13 2. MERCOSUR'S Strategic Environment 2-17 3. The South Atlantic: An area of peace and cooperation 2-20 ###### Chapter 3 - The Nation 1. The geographical context of the country 3-23 2. The national situation 3-25 ###### 3. The Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands issue 3-27 4. Antarctica 3-28 PART II - THE NATIONAL INCENTIVES Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Framework 1. Defense and the rule of law 4-33 ###### 2. Domestic references 4-33 3. International commitments 4-36 ----- ###### Chapter 5 - The National Interests 1. Underlying values 5-41 ###### 2. Vital interests 5-42 3. Strategic interests 5-43 PART III - DEFENSE POLICIES Chapter 6 - The Pillars for our Defense Policy 1. Civilian Control of the Military 6-47 ###### 2. A comprehensive concept of Defense and Armed Forces' involvement 6-47 3. The scope of Defense 6-49 4. Defense Policy and Foreign Policy 6-50 5. Defense Policy and International Security Policy 6-51 Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action 1. The Armed Forces 7-55 ###### 2. Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands 7-56 3. Sub-regional and continental areas 7-57 4. International sphere 7-58 5. The Echological environment 7-65 Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization 1. Reform goals 8-69 ###### 2. Specific Areas 8-72 3. Resource rationalization measures 8-75 PART IV - REDEFINING MILITARY MISSIONS Chapter 9 - Missions of the Military Instrument 1. Uses of the Military Instrument 9-81 ###### 2. Missions 9-81 Chapter 10 - Armed Forces Tasks 1. Basic functions 10-85 ###### 2. Tasks common to the three Services 10-85 3. Specific Army's tasks 10-85 4. Specific Navy's tasks 10-86 5. Specific Air Force's tasks 10-87 ----- ###### PART V - MANAGEMENT OF DEFENSE Chapter 11 - Fundamentals Concepts and Structures of Defense 1. Defense System structure 11-91 ###### 2. Basis for territorial and operational organization 11-95 3. Defense System - Its operation 11-97 4. Rules of Engagement 11-98 5. Joint Military Intelligence System - Parliamentary oversight 11-100 Chapter 12 - The Ministry of Defense 1. Main Functions 12-103 ###### 2. Ministry's organization 12-103 3. Ministry»• Personnel 12-107 Chapter 13 - The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces l.Role 13-109 2. Organizational structure 13-110 3. Jointness 13-112 PART VI - THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army 1. Organization and deployment 14-117 ###### 2. Equipment and assets 14-123 3. Personnel 14-127 4. Development concept 14-127 Chapter 15 - The Argentine Navy 1. Organization and deployment 15-129 ###### 2. Equipment and assets 15-136 3. Personnel 15-139 4. Development concept 15-139 Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force 1. Organization and deployment 16-143 ###### 2. Equipment and assets 16-147 3. Personnel 16-152 4. Development concept 16-152 ----- ###### PART VII - EQUIPMENT Chapter 17 - Logistics 1. Logistics policy and the Logistics Senior Board 17-157 ###### 2. Material cataloguing and standardization 17-159 3. Equipment and infrastructure programs 17-160 4. National mobilization 17-163 Chapter 18 - Production for Defense 1. Sector deregulation 18-165 2. Future orientation 18-166 Chapter 19 - Science and Technology 1. The National scientific and technological reorganization 19-169 2. The structure of science and technology for Defense 19-171 3. The Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute (CITEFA) 19-172 4. National Defense in the National Science and Technology Multiannual Plan 1998-2000 19-173 5. Cooperation in the national sphere 19-175 6. Possibilities for international cooperation 19-176 PART VIII - HUMAN RESOURCES Chapter 20 - Military Personnel 1. The characteristics of the military profession 20-179 ###### 2. Fully professional Armed Forces 20-181 3. The Reserve System 20-183 4. Women in the Armed Forces 20-184 5. Military retirement 20-185 6. Military Justice 20-188 Chapter 21 - Defense Education 1. The Defense Education System 21-191 2. The National Defense College 21-193 3. Military education and training 21-197 4. Military education and Human Rights 21-199 5. Future educational policy 21-201 IV ----- ###### Chapter 22 - Civilian Personnel 1. The National Civil Service Career System (SINAPA) in the ###### Defense Area 22-203 2. Civilian Personnel Job Training 22-204 3. The Armed Forces' civilian personnel 22-205 PART IX - FINANCIAL RESOURCES Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financing 1. Budget methodology 23-211 ###### 2. The Future Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (S3P) 23-213 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget 1. The 1998 budget -24-217 ###### 2. The Five-Year Budget 24-223 V ----- ###### MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES \&ct/r-l been a shift in permeability between the countries. _the nature and scope of threats making it_ eMieinely difficult to define the profile of There are also risk factors which, the futme challenges beforehand. though lacking a driving force, are considered of interest to the countries, On the one hand, classical threats such as the stockpiling and transport of _to security are still present and relate to_ nuclear waste, the build-up of chemical, the integrity of the countries. Therefore, bacteriological and nuclear weapons and (lie strategic uncertainty prevents them damages to the environment, among from overlooking such threats. others. _A69_ f )//;<' corvette in sea control patrol. ----- _Chapter 1 - Global Overview_ Lastly, there are sources of However, because of their transnationalization and their influence **_instability that include all kinds of_** on the globalization process, these events worldwide events. These are generated by are now taken into consideration by external or internal, historical, cultural or security and defense policies, since their territorial conflicts, perceived by the ###### particular geographical distance does not international community as critical by itself reduce their influence. Thus, it is situations which, depending on their often difficult to distinguish between their external or internal nature. evolution, might affect security. Far from implying a militarization In the past, events of this nature ###### approach to such problems, changes were considered unimportant in under way require to adjust the elements comparison with basic security and of the State's defense, including the defense problems. Armed Forces, to the new demands. _1-11_ ----- _Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View_ ###### CHAPTER 2 _—^^_ he importance of the Nowadays, shared conditions for ###### •V^/ hemisphere for Argentine the development of important \~S interests - and particularly cooperation commercial bonds are our region - in the present scenario leads increasing, though the imbalance of the us to analyze in some detail the political globalization phenomenon causes gaps in changes that have taken place in this the relative economic development of geographical context, on account of their countries within this hemisphere. present or potential influence over Moreover, in certain cases, those gaps national defense issues. exist between sectors of their own societies. ###### 1. The Western Hemisphere. Its But the stable political and political-structural consolidation democratic situation has become the main common factor, while growing economic The map of our hemisphere has ties are a major contribution to remained practically unchanged since the development and peace. beginning of the 20[th] century. On the other hand, the Latin Taking into account changes at a American component of the hemisphere, world level, the 90's gave rise to particularly South America, presents a coincidences all over the Americas, firm structure based on common featuring the almost complete elimination historical, cultural and linguistic ties. of non-democratic governments, the strengthening of representative On the other hand, geography has democracies, important integration traditionally placed South America in a processes, a progressive economic situation of strategic isolation. Major interrelationship. The economies in the international actors have, to a certain hemisphere were subject to severe degree, ignored it - a trend which regional adjustment, based on privatizing efforts integration processes have started to and government spending reduction. change. _2-13_ ----- _I'ari ! The Strategic Scenario: An Arqeuiine View_ **Increasing dialog and stability** came to a head. However, common actions developed by the guarantors to The early 90's led to ihe end of the the Rio Protocol (Argentina, Brazil. Chile most: significant conflicts, particularly in and the US) allowed to put an end to the Central America where tinal peace confrontation and, through a regional agreements were signed thanks to the peacekeeping force (the MOMEP), Contadora Process. prevented an armed conflict while political negotiations were being held on The new Latin American the root cause of the conflict. A final democracies were united in this process settlement was reached in f 998 with the and became accustomed to coordinating signing of the Presidential Agreement of policies and setting up common Brasilia. objectives. This process also played an important role in achieving the present Although there are other zones of consensus. The Rio Group is the successor unrest caused by domestic problems, at of the Contadora process, which now present the hemisphere enjoys a healthy focuses on a wide range of issues. stability and a climate of detente compared to other parts of ihe world. The A few years ago, the traditional general enforcement of the Treat}' of border dispute between Peru and Ecuador Tlatelolco for the Prohibition of Nuclear _Argentine mid Chilean Navy units, during the first combined e\crcise of both_ _Navies hi 1998._ _2_ _1 1_ ----- _Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension_ Weapons in Latin America and the to common security problems brought Caribbean is an important contribution in about the creation of several mechanisms this sense. geared to this purpose. Another point worth mentioning is That interest also resulted in the Latin America's low investment in creation of a specific forum, the OAS weapons - one of the lowest worldwide. **_Commission on Hemispheric Security,_** (See Table 24-2) which played a central role in the development of confidence-building Public statements of some measures through the Declarations of governments - such as Brazil and **_Santiago and El Salvador, in 1995 and_** Argentina - affirming the settlement of 1998 respectively. These declarations were previous conflict scenarios have also recommended for application by the contributed to the present situation. countries of the region in their reciprocal relations. At the same time, the strengthening of inter-American dialog and political ties have led to positive These mechanisms, focused on attitudes towards cooperation. Several **_confidence-building measures, contribute_** agreements have been signed with the aim to the progressive and fast settlement of of preventing, in practice, the use of force historical mistrust and fears, paving the to resolve disputes, even those including way for a higher degree of dialog and territorial issues, thus enhancing the negotiations both in bilateral and transparency of technological multilateral relations. developments, especially in the nuclear sphere, prohibiting mass destruction **Towards cooperation in security** weapons and reaching understandings of **issues** all natures. Our country has played an active role in these advances. The global phenomenon of growing cooperation in search of This outlook mitigates, at least in international peace and security, expressed the hemisphere, the level of uncertainty in the United Nations Charter as the caused by international affairs. collective security concept, was strengthened in this decade as a result of a ###### Confidence-building. The OAS strong change of direction in world Mission history. The renewed interest of the whole Although the situation in this hemisphere in providing common answers hemisphere is different from that in other _2-15_ ----- _Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View_ areas, progress is being made towards the revitalize and strengthen the Inter- goal set in the OAS Charter. The Defense American System's security-related Ministerial of the Americas, after its first institutions in the hemisphere. meeting in the US in 1995 proves this fact. The ensuing "Principles of Argentina believes that this contex **_Williamsburg" were a valuable_** provides a good opportunity for contribution in this sense. These redesigning regional security mechanisms. Principles were endorsed and complemented by the Declaration of **Remaining problems and new** **_Bariloche in the second meeting, held in_** **dangers** our country in 1996, and by the **_Declaration of Cartagena in the third_** Although on a lower scale, America meeting, held in Colombia in 1998. is not exempted from the overall parameters, paradoxes and pressures of The MOMEP (Military Observers the global situation today. In spite of the Mission in Ecuador-Peru) is an example of present dialog and stability, there are still this. Its legitimacy is based on an some long-standing problems, in addition instrument originated in the region - the to other phenomena, carrying a **_Rio de Janeiro Protocol - and the forces_** **_transnational potential and representing_** involved are exclusively from countries of specific threats, risk factors and instability the hemisphere. sources for the region. The ongoing debate in several Aside from active or latent border regional forums regarding Cooperative disputes, in which our country is **_Security is an additional contribution,_** fortunately not involved, there are such such security being understood as the actions derived from drug trafficking, joint anticipation and the prevention organized crime and illegal arms mechanisms implemented in the political, trafficking, which outcrop in certain areas diplomatic and military sphere. of the region associated with terrorism and guerrilla activities. A major step, based on democratic Nations' shared interests, was taken in the These problems affect individuals, **// Summit of the Americas, held in April** societies, national identity, values and 1998 in Santiago de Chile. In this summit institutions, rather than traditional of heads of State and Government, the "territory sovereignty" in the classical Commission on Hemispheric Security was sense. And, although they may not imply asked to identify ways and means to the automatic and direct use of the _2-16_ ----- _Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension_ military instrument, they are considered To implement such mechanisms, it part of the general defense interests as is essential to take advantage of, and intensify, confidence-building activities of they relate to the international security of all kinds. From the Argentine perspective, our country. these activities play a central role as the basis for future consensus in the A feature that, from our point of implementation of the mentioned view, characterizes the security context of schemes. this region is the different perception towards these new problems by the various actors. A clear evidence of this is the difficulties encountered in producing a shared agenda of common threats. All this is happening in a context that lacks any effective regional mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and settlement. _Troops of the UN Multinational Force_ _during the Joint and Combined Peacekeeping_ _Exercises "CEIBO98" with Uruguay; an_ _Argentine Army helicopter can be seen._ ###### 2. MERCOSUR'S strategic environment In order to understand the present defense and security situation within the sub-region, we must analyze the origin and evolution of this historical initiative, which places our country and our _Argentine Naty units operating with the "Minas Gerais"_ partners in an excellent position to _aircraft carrier of the Brazilian Navy during the_ _"Fraterno" combined operation._ cope with the challenges of the coming century. _2-17_ ----- _Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View_ The first step in this economic **_Common Market (Treaty of Asuncion) in_** integration process took place in 1985 1991, and the present structure of with the Declaration oflguazu signed by MERCOSUR was adopted on January 1[st], the presidents of Brazil and Argentina, 1995. which was mainly aimed at overcoming the mistrust and the rivalry vis-a-vis other **The "Enlarged Mercosur"** parties characterizing the relations between the countries at the time. The 1996's Free Trade Agreements **_with Bolivia and Chile (these countries_** With the signing of the are not members of Mercosur) established **_Declaration of Buenos Aires in 1990, the_** the concept of the "Enlarged governments of Paraguay and Uruguay MERCOSUR". This concept implies their stated their interest in joining the bilateral participation in certain bloc meetings and project and a four-party agreement began the implementation of coordination to be developed in that same year. measures for international actions. Finally, the four presidents signed **Political agreement** the Treaty for the Constitution of a The MERCOSUR agreement established the basis for the largest **_political agreement ever accomplished in_** the region. Thanks to this agreement, the concepts of reliability, foreseeability and sensitivity became the common language ###### among all the parties. The member States, together with Bolivia and Chile, created the Mechanism **_for Political Consultation and Agreement,_** through which common positions are reached on regional issues other than strictly economic or commercial matters. Another important political _Simulation of a Multinational Force_ commitment was achieved in 1996, with _command post for UN during "CRUZ DEL_ the signing of the Presidential Declaration _SUR 97", combined Exercise with Brazil._ **_on Democratic Commitment to_** _2-18_ ----- Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension **_MERCOSUR. Chile and Bolivia adhered_** In this new context, the old to this instrument which was ratified in concept that neighbors were adversaries 1998 through the Ushuaia Protocol. and that they represented an eventual threat to our security is being replaced by **MERCOSUR and sub-regional** the idea that our neighbor's risks are our **security** own risks as well. The evolution towards integration Hence, MERCOSUR is acquiring, led to interdependence and shared in a natural and spontaneous way, a interests. Public and private actors **_strategic dimension: an important tool to_** gradual!)' became involved in the same face the new global challenges. political scenario. These advances paved the way for a common political forum Thus, the countries' willingness to where a "MERCOSUR policy" is cooperate creates the conditions for implicitly in force. **_security and defense_** **_understanding,_** because by changing the perception of our MERCOSUR has therefore become neighbors as being dangerous for a vision an element of stability, as the interests and of partnership, both the approach and the relations it creates strengthen ties in every answers to these issues are also changed. sphere and neutralize fragmentation Yesterday's rival becomes today's ally, tendencies. regardless of a legal instrument that may define those positions. In this regard, the search for coincidences and common viewpoints does not necessarily eliminate the nuances inherent to the different histories, identities, experiences and change processes of each country, or \\ V their geographic and economic _•'£ potential._ Stronger links do not imply the elimination of national diversity, which _Training of Marine Corps in riverside operations during_ _the Sirena combined maneuvers with Paraguay._ makes the region so rich; rather, they 2-19 ----- Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View strengthen all of it as a whole, while . Support to international instruments respecting such diversity as well as the and mechanisms aimed at the non- basis for consensus required to develop proliferation of mass destruction these sensitive issues. weapons - the goal being global nuclear disarmament - and non- ###### "Enlarged MERCOSUR", a Peace proliferation in general. ###### Zone . The willingness to make MERCOSUR, The mentioned willingness to Bolivia and Chile a region free of anti- cooperate on common security matters personal mines and to promote this resulted in the recent Political Declaration of MERCOSUR, Bolivia and Chile, as a concept throughout the Western Peace Zone, signed by the six presidents Hemisphere. in Ushuaia in July 1998. . The commitment to extend and systematize the information provided Some steps taken by these to the UN Register of Conventional countries towards the non-proliferation of Weapons and to establish a single nuclear, chemical and biological weapons methodology to report military preceded this crucial political spending. breakthrough. ###### . The support to the OAS Commission on Hemispheric Security, particularly The main points of the above agreement are the following: in connection with the mandate entrusted to it by the II Summit of the ###### . The declaration of Mercosur, Bolivia Americas. and Chile as a region free of mass . The encouragement to cooperate in destruction weapons, and the concept the peaceful and safe use of nuclear of peace as an essential element for its power and of space science and integration. technology. ###### . The strengthening of defense and security consultation and cooperation ###### 3. The South Atlantic: An area of mechanisms, the progressive **peace and cooperation** integration of the region, the promotion of cooperation and the This wide maritime space, with an implementation of confidence-building eccentric nature, is the meeting point for a measures. wide range of actors from West Africa and 2-20 ----- _Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension_ easi America, including several countries In the wake of technology and that carry out operations in the Antarctic communication developments, distances continent. are now shorter. The main consequence of these advances is the virtual proximity of At present, the control of natural continental coasts separated by oceans. resources in the energy and food sectors is The seas that not long ago separated a subject of fierce competition at world nations, now bring them closer. Thus, the oceans offer new possibilities of exchange level. In both cases, countries have started with the African continent. to look to the sea. This has led to the presence of large extra-regional fishing In our region, the legitimate coastal states of the South Atlantic Ocean have common interests, and therefore share the same need: to exercise control over the maritime space in order to protect it. Coastal countries have expressed their interest in reaching an acceptable level of cooperation in several areas of concern. This _Orion P3 !\'ai-[:]v aircraft during fishing control tasks in the south of_ provides the opportunity to _Argentina. These aircraft also perform maritime SAR (Search and_ _Rescue) tasks._ cooperate in different fields, thus turning the ocean space into an fleets in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. area of integration and materializing the Another factor that has aroused much UN declaration of the South Atlantic as a interest is the foreseeable availability of "Peace and Cooperation Zone" (1986). non-renewable resources. ###### The inter-ocean passages The South Atlantic is therefore running the risk of over-exploiting its The Beagle Channel and the Drake fisheries. Given the wide spaces at stake, Passage have been used as alternative control activities require significant routes to the Strait of Magellan ever since efforts. In this respect, it is necessary to their discovery. improve the preservation of non- renewable resources outside Exclusive The Beagle Channel, as an inter- Economic Zones. ocean passage, shows certain hydro- _2-21_ ----- _Part 1 The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View_ _Navy Units from Argentina, Brasil, South_ _Africa and Umguay at Cape Town, during the_ _ATLASUR HI_ _combined operation._ meteorological limitations, aside from the reasons, certain flagships carrying restrictions applied by coastal states, materials such as plutonium and hearing in mind that the Channel's radioactive waste chose this route. western part and such channels leading to the Pacific Ocean are categorized as Today, as always, Argentina internal waters. continues to strive for free navigation and the enforcement of the international The Drake Passage represents the instruments ruling over those passages, southernmost and longest route between within the framework established in such both oceans. Extremely severe weather and sea conditions are experienced when documents. This effort is reflected in the crossing it. However, that path is **_Peace and friendship Treaty signed with_** presently the only alternative for large- Chile in 1984 and in ensuing negotiations ships, oil tankers and warships, especially aimed at establishing operating rules for submarines. Furthermore, for other the use of those passages. ----- Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view ###### CHAPTER 3 1. The geographical context of the • South American continental space: country[1] It is the most compact and vast region. Its 2,791,810 km[2] represent ###### The territory over 70% of the emerged lands; it holds almost the entire population. — he Republic of Argentina is Most of the economic activity is developed in this area. ###### I\/J/ located in the southern, ^>X western and maritime • Antarctic continental space: The population living in this territory hemisphere. Its territory comprises a belongs to scientific bases and family South American continental part, islands groups. Its area is 965.597 km[2]. and a sector of Antarctica. **• Fluvial space: It is formed by the** Argentine part of the Great Plata South America has the Basin, comprising the Rio de la Plata approximate shape of a right-angle (whose coast holds the City of Buenos triangle with its minor leg to the north, its Aires), Uruguay Parana and Paraguay major leg to the west and the hypotenuse rivers. The last two form the waterway facing the Atlantic. The narrowest bearing the same name, a project portion in the south is, at the same time, shared with Bolivia, Brazil and Para- the least populated area of the territory, guay. This waterway is more than in spite of its great potential. 3,200 km long, of which 1,230 km belong to Argentina. The Rio de la Pla- The Argentine Antarctica lies ta and its waterfront are shared with between 25° and 74° W long, and south the Republic of Uruguay under the of 60°S lat. down to the South Pole. terms of the Rio de la Plata Treaty, signed un 1973. The main features of the Argentine **.** **Maritime space: Maritime Spaces** territory are the following: **Act 23968 provides the basis to** _tn_ _Information approved by the Military Geographic Institute._ 3-23 ----- _Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view_ determine the maritime space, which with five countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, comprises more than 2,700,000 Ion[2]. Paraguay and Uruguay) make up two ###### . Insular space: Overall, this space thirds of the perimeter. The ocean coasts comprises an area of approximately are poorly articulated and the country ###### 33,000 km[2] and includes the eastern thus lacks suitable natural harbors on its part of Isla Grande de Tierra del maritime coast. In fact, the territorial Fuego (Grand Island of Tierra del area/coasts ratio is low. (1 km of coast for Fuego) (20,400 km[2]); the Malvinas, every 560 km[2]) Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands; the Isla de los Estados **Borders** (Island of States) and other small **. With Bolivia: 740 km.** islands in the South Atlantic. **.** **With Brazil: 1,130 Ion; most of it is** ###### . Air space: An area that covers the fluvial. whole surface of the earth up to the **. With Chile: It is the longest,** lower boundary of outer space. The amounting to around 5,300 km and lack of a physical borderline makes it accounting for 37% of the total. difficult to determine its dimensions, **. With Paraguay: It is mainly fluvial.** which are established by a number of Its length is 1700 km, second only to International Law provisions. the border with Chile. **• With Uruguay: It is mainly fluvial,** The Argentineo territory,s' in the with a length of 885 Ion., of which 495 southern tip of the South American cone, Ion correspond to the Rio Uruguay enjoys a great climatic diversity due to its (Uruguay River) and 390 km to the wide latitude, which includes both the Rio de la Plata. The sedimentation Tropic of Capricorn and the geographical effect around the Martin Garcia South Pole. Its different climates and the Island, located east of the presence of agricultural lands place our debouchment of the Uruguay river, country in a privileged position as regards created the first land border with that diversified extensive production, especially country. (Martin Garcia and Timoteo grains and oil-seeds. For the same reason, Dominguez Islands which belong to it has sectors with excellent natural Argentina and Uruguay respectively). prairies for cattle raising. ###### Borders The population The perimeter of the country on At present, the Argentine popula- the South American continent is tion is 36,000,000, with a projection of approximately 14,500 km. Land borders 40,000,000 by the year 2010. 3-24 ----- _Chapter 3 - The Nation_ The country shows a significant asymmetries, create important demographic unbalance. The population geopolitical gaps. _density in inhabitants per km[2] is the_ following: Its environmental characteristics, ###### population distribution, empty spaces . Federal Capital and and the present layout of the Greater Buenos Aires 2500 communications system have caused ###### . The Pampas Humedas distant regions to develop their own (Humid Plains) region 12 activity, disregarding economic centers ###### . Northeast 8 and tending towards self-supply. . Northwest 5 . Patagonia 1.3 90% of Argentina's foreign trade . Country Average 13 takes place through maritime means of transport, a situation that is changing due The birth rate is 24 per thousand. to increased regional overland trade. The literacy rate is 94%, and shows a slight increasing trend. The Rio de la Plata, with 140 km. of artificially maintained navigable channels, mobilizes 80% of the maritime ###### 2. The national situation foreign trade. As an access gate of the great Par ana-Paraguay Waterway to the Argentina contains a wide range of sea, the Rio de la Plata is the most social-economic spaces. 80% of the ###### important fluvial transport route of the economic activity is concentrated in the whole country. River sources are located "litoral-pampeana" region (littoral- in neighboring Countries, which requires plains), and 45% of the territory is agreements on certain issues in order to located in a warm climate zone. This preserve both the navigation conditions imbalance is also reflected in population and the quality of the water and the distribution and density, as 30% of the environment in general. inhabitants are concentrated in 0.1% of the territory. Patagonia, with 4%, is the At present, Argentina shows a least populated region, though it steady economic growth, a solid position comprises over 28% of the total area of against international financial crises and the country. the capability to attract direct financial investments. This vast territory shows particu- lar geographic environments which, The country has not only grown coupled with population density but has also changed substantially. Our 3-25 ----- Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view economic policy has changed and a new era of interactivity, placing it in a economic system has been adopted. Our favorable position in this strategic sector. currency has become a respected and reliable economic institution, and its The social-economic structure of stability, supported by the Convertibility the country continues to attract Act, has become a major factor for neighboring countries, whose inhabitants economic growth. migrate in search of new working opportunities and health care. This The Argentine production profile phenomenon is observed in the region of in the last years, with strong emphasis on the plains as well as in important agricultural industry and the use of southern cities where the number of natural resources - including fishery - foreigners represents a significant confirms Argentina's potential for percentage. industrial development. At present, our country is the eighth world food producer The empty spaces are a cause of and ranks fifth as international exporter. great concern for countries like ours, due to the serious problems of overpopulation Argentina has become the first in other parts of the world. During the power supplier in the region and shows "Conference on Population and great potential in the mining sector. Development" (Cairo, 1994), the region of Patagonia was presented as an In the power field, 95% of the unpopulated area (less than 2 inhabitants hydropower is produced in border areas, per km[2]) together with Greenland, and 75% of the oil and natural gas Saharan Africa and the Amazon. reserves are located in the same zone. As to power transport, power lines and gas These factors hinder the exercise of and oil pipelines also start in border areas. suitable controls the important area of Large mineral fields are concentrated in environmental preservation. that area as well. Our EEZ (Exclusive Economic The transformation in the field of Zone) possesses enormous food wealth. It telecommunications - as we have seen, includes large fishing areas approximately the key to modern production methods 200 meters deep, which attract other and to social organization mechanisms - countries that fish near the limits of the has been significant indeed. The level of EEZ. This often triggers law-breaking digitalization, the quantity of fiber optic and the expansion of home cable episodes and, as a result, the Government television are leading the country into the needs to send Navy ships to avoid 3-26 ----- _Chapter 3 - The Nation_ depredation. As a consequence, this Another challenge to be faced is situation requires permanent control terrorism, both at local and world level. activities. Our country has suffered from its actions On the other hand, Argentine sea and many lives were lost as a consequence species are characterized by their thereof. migration habits, a fact that leads to agreements aimed at establishing ###### 3. The Malvinas, Georgias del Sur consistent measures to preserve these ###### and Sandwich del Sur Islands renewable resources. ###### issue The geological features of the Argentine continental shelf - of In the context of our national continental and insular nature - are situation, the dispute over the sovereignty suitable for hydrocarbon generation and of the Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and trap formation, and for the eventual Sandwich del Sur Islands and the exploitation of polymetallic nodules. This maritime and air spaces that surround makes the platform a future economic them, is of special concern in our country. factor, which leads to the need for its The recovery of these areas is an preservation. aspiration that now has a constitutional basis, after its reform of 1994. Our country has peacefully resolved many border disputes with its Argentina's rights regarding its neighbors, particularly with Chile, after the 1991 presidential agreements, and in sovereignty over territories and sea spaces 1998 a presidential agreement was in the framework of the dispute with the reached regarding a small sector known as United Kingdom, are preserved by the Hielos Continentales (Continental Ice), protection of rights included in item 2 of which still remains to be ratified by both the "Joint Declaration of the Delegations Congresses. of the Argentine Republic, the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland", adopted Argentina could be exposed to the in Madrid on October 19, 1989. emerging threat of drug traffic and other transnational phenomena if their actions The Joint Declaration signed in increase, a situation worsened because of Madrid on February 15, 1990 resulted in the characteristics of its borders (extension and morphology), which the restoration of diplomatic relations require permanent surveillance. between both countries in that same year. 3-27 ----- _Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view_ Despite the fact that bilateral relations and is indisputably linked to the interests have been progressing steadily including of our country. A wide variety of actors the first official visit of the President of conflicting interests might, at some point, Argentina to the United Kingdom in 1998 bring about disagreement in the positions the dispute still exists, with a sizable held by the countries involved. British military presence in the zone. Historically, Argentina has shown the world its clear and definite interest in Moreover, the countries' different Antarctica as one of the J 2 original approaches over the exploitation of countries that signed the Antarctic Treaty renewable resources constantly lead to (to which our country is an advisory disagreement. A new factor was recently _ARA "Alte. hizar" Argentine Navy icebreaker in the Antarctic ice._ added: the eventual future exploitation of member). This is also proved by the hydrocarbon fields. uninterrupted scientific work performed by the country for almost a hundred ###### 4. Argentine Antarctica years, starting with the settlement of our first scientific base in the Islas Orcadas in The Antarctic continent is an area 1904. Thus, our country has been in the with a very complex geopolitical situation, continent for the longest time, and its 3-28 ----- _Chapter 3 - The Nation_ presence has been permanent. Our Under the terms of the Antarctic geographical proximity allows us to act as System, Argentina asserts its sovereignty a base for the projection and support of over the claimed sector, an assertion that activities in the area, as Argentina is one does not prevent us from cooperating with of the closest countries to Antarctica, other countries in scientific research and together with Chile. environmental and resource preservation. _Aii Air Force transport aircraft performing logistic support in Mara/nbio Base - Argentine Antarctica._ 3-29 ----- ###### PART II ----- Part II - The National Incentives ###### CHAPTER 4 /_?'" / ' his chapter contains a below. Later, we will analyze their main ###### P\J/ summarized description of characteristics when specifically applied ^—^ the major regulatory to certain issues. Also, other highly conditions governing defense activities, in technical regulations and commitments general, and military actions in particular. will be mentioned later in this book when considering the aspects involved therein. References made below are not only a formal legal framework but also represent the highest political guidelines for **2. Domestic references** National Defense in the Argentine Republic. **The National Constitution** ###### The National Constitution sets the goal of "...providingfor common defense" ###### 1. Defense and the rule of law first in its Preamble, among the other constitutional objectives of our Nation. Since democratic institutions were The articles of the Constitution further restored in late 1983, the Argentine establish the duty of all Argentine citizens Republic has been under the rule of law. to arm themselves to defend the country This means that all activities in the public and the Constitution, pursuant to the sector are ruled by the legal system laws enacted by our National Congress for governing the Argentine Republic, either such purpose and decrees issued by the through local laws or international Executive Branch. Naturalized citizens instruments. These affect the country are free to provide such service to the either because they have been country for a period of 10 years after incorporated in national laws or as a becoming Argentine citizens. result of our compliance with the "pacta sunt servanda" principle which guides our The National Congress has the international actions. constitutional power to authorize the Executive Branch to declare war or make Major legal instruments governing peace, allow it to instruct retaliation the Ministry of Defense are summarized measures, and permit foreign troops to **4-33** ----- _Part II - The National Incentives_ enter our national territory and national The Defense Act sets forth the forces to leave the country. structure of the National Defense System and sets out its goals and responsibilities Congress also has the authority to of its members. It also establishes the organize the Armed Forces in times of organizational guidelines for the Armed peace and war and prescribes regulations Forces and defines the fields of action of for their organization and management. their commanding officers, the Chiefs of Staff of each Service, in favor of the Furthermore, Congress has the Armed Forces jointness. This Act also constitutional power to agree or disagree establishes the basis for the National with the promotion of high-ranking Defense Service, Territorial Organization officers of our Armed Forces as proposed and Mobilization. by the President. ###### Domestic Security Act 24059 The constitution also confers on the It was enacted in 1992 and amended **_President of the Nation the power to act_** by Act 24194. It provides the structure as Commander in Chief of the Armed required in the area of domestic security, **_Forces and as such, to control, organize_** basically involving the Security Forces and distribute the forces as well as to National Gendarmerie, the Argentine provide for the use of the military Coast Guard, the Federal Police and the instrument. police corps of such provinces that have decided to form part of the system, given This set of regulations reflects the the federal nature of our country. It ###### constitutional basis for our Armed Forces establishes the Domestic Security and the exclusive power of the Argentine Council, whose non-permanent members Government over National Defense are the Minister of Defense and the Chief of the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces. matters. This Act sets out, in principle, the ###### National Defense Act 23554 **_non use of the Armed Forces within the_** It was enacted in 1988. It establishes sphere of domestic security (subsidiary the legal, organizational and functional **_principle), but establishes several events_** bases to elaborate, execute and control where the Armed Forces would have an our National Defense, defining its goals **_eventual involvement in logistic support_** and clearly distinguishing it from by providing weapons, supplies, health Domestic Security, which is ruled by care, veterinary services, construction another legal instrument. services, transport, and engineering and **4-34** ----- _Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Framework_ communications elements to Security and **Military Personnel Act 19101** Police Forces (complementation principle). This act was passed in 1971, it is the last update of a series of Acts related to The Act indicates such cases where military personnel, the first of which was the Armed Forces can exceptionally use Act No. 4856 (enacted in 1905 and combat elements to defend their own amended in 1945, 1950 and 1958). It units or to restore Domestic Security, defines the basic principles related to previously declaring the "State of Siege", military personnel, such as the "military according to the constitutional procedure to this end. status", groupings, concepts such as "seniority and precedence", retirement, ###### Armed Forces Reorganization Act separation or relief from active duty, ranks 24948 and the promotion system, suitability for It was enacted in 1998 and sets out service, recruitment, salary system and the political and organizational basis to length of service among others. carry out the reorganization of the military in the medium term, establishing ###### Military Justice Code its basic principles, general modalities for It was established by the National the use of the Military Instrument, its organization, deployment, personnel, Congress through Act 14029 in 1951, equipment and funding. and was amended by Act 23049 in 1984. It meets the provisions of our National The implementation of a five-year Constitution and the Argentine Criminal budget as from 1999 and a special budget Code; that is, it does not represent any allocation destined to Armed Forces special personal venue. modernization expenditures during that period are the most relevant aspects of The Code describes specifically this Act. military offenses, the organization and It also establishes a number of jurisdiction of military courts, court complementary tasks to be performed martial proceedings and the respective with certain deadlines. penalties. The act also sets up a National ###### Volunteer Military Service Act 24429 Congress Committee, represented by both It was enacted by Congress in 1994 senators and representatives, to oversee the reorganization, as well as to make a and superseded the previous mandatory review five years after the enactment of system of conscripts, replacing it by a new this Act, i.e., in 2003. system open both to men and women. It **4-35** ----- _Part II - The National Incentives_ has allowed turning our Armed Forces **The United Nations Organization** into a completely professional Article 1 of the UN Charter states as **_organization, abandoning the previous_** its first objective the maintenance of scheme based on conscript service. The international peace and security through previous System of Conscript Act is still collective measures aimed at preventing in force and is to be applied only under and removing threats to peace. Article 2, exceptional circumstances. in turn, prohibits the threat or use of fora against the territorial integrity or political ###### Directive for Joint Military Planning independence of any Nation, defining the (Decree No. 1116/96) principle that international conflicts Through this directive, the President should be resolved by peaceful means. of the Nation outlined the National Defense Policy updated guidelines and Article 51 of the Charter clearly missions of the Armed Forces. Moreover, states the inherent right of every State to he established the application of a its legitimate defense, providing for the deterrent and defensive strategic policy in choice of an individual or collective the sphere of Defense. defense. Through the Security Council, the ###### 3. International commitments UN have the right to use force in order to As already mentioned, the characteristics of today's international scenario also influence our Defense in the legal sphere. As in the previous point, we will now deal with the major international instruments to which our countryJ has adhered and will later mention more specific provisions when considering activities they apply to. _Army assault troops (seals) in pneumatic boats during_ _training exercises in water course._ **_4-36_** ----- _Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Ftamework_ maintain, restore or build peace in case Its main objectives include an other measures fail. At present, the effective limitation on conventional arms. enlargement of the Security Council is under discussion, a fact that has drawn **International Law of War** the interest of several countries, including Together with the The Hague Argentina. _Convention, the Law of War regulates the_ laws, uses and practices of war and The Charter also promotes regional establishes a legal method to conduct agreements and organizations to pursue operations. However, this branch of law the peaceful settlement of conflicts. has not evolved much due to the increasing and widespread rejection of the ###### The Organization of use of force for conflict resolution. American States (OAS) The first three articles of its Charter ###### International Humanitarian Law make reference to the goal of ###### The 1949 Geneva Convention and strengthening peace and security in the its Additional Protocols have established Hemisphere, and state that an aggression military conflict rules in relation with the against an American State constitutes an management of casualties, the sick, aggression against all of them. shipwreck victims, prisoners of war, non- combatant civilians and the environment. Having as one of its objectives, the organization of joint actions in case of The IRCC (International Red Cross aggression, the OAS Charter aims at the Committee) has played an essential role in implementation of "collective security" in this sphere. the American continent. Some unsuccessful attempts in this sense were ###### Nuclear Weapons the creation of the IDE (Inter-American Defense Board) in 1942, and the TIAR The NPT (Treaty on the Non- (Inter-American Reciprocal Assistance _Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) seeks_ Treaty), organized during the III to reduce the threat of a nuclear war and Consultation Meeting of Foreign prevent the number of countries that hold Ministers held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. this kind of weapons from increasing. It also aims at preventing countries from The OAS also encourages the developing nuclear weapons. It forbids consolidation of the representative those nations that already have them to democracy, observes the principle of non- transfer their technology and forces them intervention, and promotes peaceful to carry out actions in favor of nuclear settlement of conflicts. disarmament. Under this treaty, non- **4-37** ----- _Part II - The National Incentives_ nuclear countries must accept the **be Deemed to be Excessively** safeguards of the IAEA (International **Injurious or to Have** Atomic Energy Agency). **Indiscriminate Effects, and their** four Additional Protocols (untraceable On the other hand, the members of fragments and weapons; mines and the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear trap weapons, laser weapons and the **_Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco_** like.) **_Treaty) undertake to use nuclear power_** exclusively for peaceful purposes and also ###### Missile Non-Proliferation to prevent the introduction or Although this is not an international development of nuclear weapons in the agreement, the MTCR (Missile region. The Treaty establishes ###### Technology Control Regime) is another mechanisms to control its members' important reference, of which our compliance with these obligations. country is an active member after the adoption of certain political decisions ###### Other agreements on arms control (including the de-commissioning of the As a complement to the previous "Condor" project) which enabled our agreements, it is essential to include the country to join it. following: ###### • Convention on the Prohibition of Convention on the Law of the Sea This Treaty was adopted within the ###### the Use, Stockpiling, Production UN framework and was ratified by **and Transfer of Anti-personnel** Argentina through Act 24543. It defines **Mines and on their Destruction.** criteria for the international regulation of ###### • Convention on the Prohibition of the various maritime areas according to **the Development, Production,** the coastal nature of each country. **Stockpiling and Use of Chemical** Besides the Territorial Sea and **Weapons and their Destruction.** ###### • Convention on the Prohibition of Contiguous Zone concepts, another important principle is sovereignty over **the Development, Production, and** resources within the Exclusive Economic ###### Stockpiling of Bacteriological and **_Zone (EEZ) up to 200 miles from the_** **Toxin Weapons, and on their** **Destruction.** baselines, and in the continental shelf, as ###### • Convention on Prohibitions or defined by the Convention. Our country defined its Sea Spaces through Act **Restrictions on the Use of Certain** 23968. **Conventional Weapons which may** 4-38 ----- _Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Framework_ While this Convention does not However, this does not prevent the specifically cover defense matters, it deals presence of military equipment or with issues of great concern for our personnel for logistic purposes and defense, as it recognizes sovereignty and scientific tasks. It is complemented by the jurisdictions, among other matters. **_Convention on the Preservation of_** **_Antarctic Living Resources, defined as the_** ###### The Antarctic Treaty "rational use" thereof, and by the Protocol This treaty has been in force since **_on Environmental Protection. The latter_** 1961. At present, it constitutes a System bans any kind of activities related with that reserves the Antarctic continent Antarctic mineral resources for a fifty- exclusively for peaceful purposes and year term, as from its adoption in Madrid specifically bans military activities. in 1991. _"Super Pinna" j \>><:\ I hiin'i'tcr during logistic tusks_ _in an Argentine Bri^c in the Antarctic._ _4-39_ ----- _Part II - The National Incentives_ ###### CHAPTER 5 efore we outline the national Life in society requires the rule of interests that our National justice as social concept. While preserving Defense should pursue, we the personal values of man (life, liberty, will highlight the values underlying those dignity, survival, etc.), the rule of justice interests, according to the ethics that should subject individual interests to the guide our Defense. common well being of society as a whole. ###### 1. Underlying values Society therefore prescribes a set of rules aimed at harmonizing personal goals within a just social order. The preservation and strengthening of democracy, the fundamental rights and When this scheme prevails within freedoms and the common well being of the frame of a democratic system, social our people are the prevailing basic values peace is also achieved. of Argentine society underlying the interests supported by our Defense. These However, such order must be essential ideas have also been included in provided with a coercive capability, and our Constitution. this requires the government to establish a monopoly of the organized force. As human beings undertake courses of action in pursuit of their goals, they All these concepts should not mislead find that life in society is the adequate us into thinking that military institutions context that enables them to develop their capabilities in order to achieve the should play a direct role in maintaining goals they set for themselves. domestic peace. The concepts described in the previous chapter clearly state, that a Those goals are many and diverse, legal distinction exists between the fields and life in a community, in liberty and of military and domestic security harmony, requires a certain order that institutions. The limitations imposed on encourages their accomplishment: a fair the eventual involvement of the military social order, adjusted to the characteristics institutions in domestic security tasks inherent to human behavior. were also pointed out. ###### 5-41 ----- _Part II - The National Incentives_ However, it is important to domestic and international level, to the emphasize that, underlying the extent of its specific field of action. specifically military missions that gave rise to the very existence of the Armed Forces, there is a set of basic values of the **2. Vital interests** Argentine Nation that involve the Military as part of its society and political Vital interests are those that affect life. the Nation and its people, and therefore remain mostly unchanged. The Armed Forces - whose men and women come from such society - have the For that reason, they have been immediate and specific objective of defined by the highest representatives of providing for common defense and the people of our Nation, i.e., by permanently guaranteeing the sovereignty Congress, in its National Defense Act. and independence of our Nation, its However, due to the implications of those territorial integrity and its right to self- vital interests in situations critical to determination. They must also support national security, they become truly vital the common well being, which is their only when supported by the majority of ultimate objective, by respecting those the society, whenever it is required to basic values of our Nation. preserve them against any aggression. These fundamental values also apply, From this legal reference, vital from an Argentine perspective, to the **_interests can be summarized as follows:_** international arena. We also attach special importance to the maintenance of other **• Sovereignty and independence of the** societies' democratic systems and of an Argentine Nation. atmosphere of peace and justice for the **• Its territorial integrity.** well being of their people. These, coupled . Its right to self-determination. with the development of close friendship, _• The protection of the life and freedom_ cooperation and integration with other of its people. Nations, in particular with our neighbors in the region, are also some of our goals, Those self-explanatory interests are since their success will undoubtedly therefore closely related to the very benefit our own. existence of the Argentine Nation itself, thus requiring a high degree of attention Our defense policy contributes to and priority on the part of the consolidate all those values both at a government and a proper degree of **5 - 4 2** ----- _Chapter 5 - The National Interests_ consideration in terms of the political the current legal framework and as definitions related to our National required by the authorities, as a function Defense. of the evolution of the strategic situation. The list of interests detailed below ###### 3. Strategic interests does not imply any priority therefor (the assignment of priorities is made at a Strategic interests are those that strategic planning level) and includes the influence in any manner the achievement following main defense interests, in the of national interests. Although they also framework of national regulations in pose goals to be achieved, their lesser force: importance compared to vital interests they contribute with, make them less permanent in time, since they relate to **. International peace and security** such variables derived from the existing **. Limitation of mass destruction** strategic scenario and the development of **weapons** **• Regional integration and security** the country's international relations at a certain time. **• Economic and social growth** ###### • Scientific and technological Strategic interests analyzed in this **development** chapter and the consideration of the **• Protection of the Nation from the** security matters mentioned below should **drug trafficking and international** not be interpreted as having a direct effect **terrorism** on basic Defense objectives, nor on the **• Renewable and non renewable** development and primary use of the **resources** ###### Military Instrument. This clarification is • Environmental protection also valid for other considerations made in **.** **Maritime, insular and fluvial spaces** this document. **of national interest** ###### . Argentine air space In spite of the above, strategic **• Inter-ocean passages** interests play an essential role for the **• Preservation of geopolitically empty** Nation and should not be ignored by the **areas (unpopulated and with no** Defense System. On the contrary, such **government presence)** System should contribute -in various **• Preservation of the Argentine** wavs- to their better achievement within **position in the Antarctic System** **_5-43_** ----- ###### PART III ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ ###### CHAPTER 6 he contents below support it is put in practice in every aspect of our National Defense Defense and its relation with the political Policy. institutions of our country. In this manner, the Armed Forces are ###### 1. Civil Control of the Military integrated in the Government sphere involved in a wide range of areas, through their specialized contribution at the level The enactment of the National and functions established by law. Defense Act in 1988 and the Domestic Security Act in 1992 unanimously At present, the political leadership - approved by all political sectors of advised by the military- makes all Congress, set the foundations and legal decisions related to the Armed Forces framework for the Armed Forces in development and conduction. The democracy. National Defense Act, Domestic Security ###### Act and -more recently- the At present, the Armed Forces of Reorganization of the Armed Forces Act Argentina are willingly and spontaneously are a clear proof of the above. subordinated to the political leadership. This fact transcends the mere formalities and derives from the extraordinary ###### 2. A comprehensive concept of mindful and spiritual devotion of the ###### Defense and Armed Forces' Argentine military to democracy. ###### involvement The change has meant a turning In certain spheres, there is a limited point leading to the true conduction of the vision of the concept of Defense, which Military Instrument by the political leaders. associates it only to one of its components: the Military Instrument. Such use is not merely formal - according to the law. It is also concrete There is no doubt that the Armed management of day-to-day activities and Forces are the substantive element of 6-47 ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ National Defense. Its institutions are National Defense is implemented essential to the System, not only as a through a number of plans and actions result of having the exclusive use of aimed at preventing and overcoming such weapons and skilled personnel capable of conflicts both in times of peace and war, managing all the essential aspects of the exercising the power of acting within their Nation during such crisis or war and field of competence, but also due to their throughout the subsequent consolidation history and tradition. These are closely of peace. related to the special characteristics of the Nation-State and thus form part of our Defense is a function of the Argentine country's vital interests. _Government that cannot be delegated and_ it is both a right and a responsibility for In order clearly tell Defense Policy _all Argentine people, according to the laws_ and Strategy from Military Policy and in force. Strategy, the following definition can be given. National Defense involves the It also involves private production, Nation and therefore it is the result of the research, infrastructure and resource integration and joint action of all its forces sectors, and particularly the intellectual and capabilities for the settlement of any sphere -including teaching and academic external conflict that may have the activities— both to foster awareness in this military force as a key element. subject and to carry out parallel intellectual activities. Conceptually Defense involves the Argentine people as a whole, tinder the terms of the Defense Civil Service Act 20318. In summary. Defense requires the active and permanent involvement of the whole institutional spectrum, including leaders and citizens in general. _Ml 13 Combat Army vehicles during a troop deployment exercises._ _6_ _48_ ----- _Chapter 6 - The Pillars of oar Defense Policy_ _Class TR I ,'00 Nary submarine returning to its support base in Mar del Plata._ All these concepts contribute to Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur develop a wide consensus on this subject, Islands, as well as the remaining isles and thus making defense policies an integral maritime and air spaces of the Argentine part of the government policy. Republic. It also includes other national interests, such as the Argentine Antarctic- This has led to stable decisions sector, considering the scope set by through time, with a greater level of international regulations and treaties certainty in the development of the signed by our Nation. Military Instrument and a higher degree of foreseeability and reliability of the National Defense also considers country vis-a-vis the international citizens and national assets in third community. countries, international waters and the international air space. ###### 3. The scope of Defense' In this regard, the determination of National Defense comprises theaters of operations is a legal power continental spaces, the Malvinas, vested to the President. _''''According to the National Defense Act, 5[th] Section._ _6-49_ ----- Part /// - Defense Policies ###### 4. Defense policy and foreign ways. It continuously contributes with it policy and often implements it. When describing our national At the national policy level, the situation, we stated that Argentina is a relationship between defense and foreign vivid example of the 90's, in which policies becomes evident. Some examples democracy, economic policy and foreign include the involvement of Argentine policy are closely related. troops in the international Gulf War coalition of the 1991, under the UN The defense policy, at its highest level mandate, as well as in the operation for of abstraction, is in turn closely related to the restoration of democracy in Haiti. the foreign policy of the country in many Another example is the high involvement of Argentine troops and units in international peacekeeping operations under international organizations. Such activities represent, in practice, the commitment of Argentina's foreign policy to international efforts towards peace and stability. Regional integration benefited from the increase in confidence-building measures with neighboring countries, aided by a greater exchange and interrelation between their respective defense and military areas. Similarly, the participation of defense and diplomatic officials, including ministers, in various regional and ###### continental forums and in other international events is also a common characteristic of this process. Since 1995, _The "Libertad" Navy training Tallship, designed_ a formal inter-ministry mechanism has _and built in Argentina (AFNE)._ also been in place. ###### 6-50 ----- _Chapter 6 - The Pillars of our Defense Policy_ ###### 5. Defense policy and security and represent the bases of international security policy reference for Defense as they implicitly involve security or receive its influence. It is precisely in the field of Security where both sectors are closely interwoven. **Argentina's International Security** ###### Policy The concept of Security has a wide At present, the international security scope, according to United Nations policy is expressed in various ways, definitions: summarized as follows: ###### . It is a situation in which a Nation is • Cooperation ("consult") considered protected from military **.** **_Non-Proliferation of Nuclear,_** aggressions, political pressures or **_Biological and Chemical Weapons_** significant economic restrictions, ("agree") leaving it free to pursue its own **. Arms Control ("inform and** development and growth. supervise") - The countries and the international These concepts are closely linked but community as a whole, in general, have been broken down only to enhance have different bases they rely on for Argentine commitment to peace and their own security: security policies are international security and to better identify their main expressions. therefore measures used to promote it. In this regard, Argentina has agreed ###### . The concept of security comprises and with Brazil on the disclosure of their combines different elements, such as respective nuclear programs, by means of **_military capability, economic power,_** the 1991 Guadalajara Agreement. The social development, progress in science **_Brazilian-Argentine Agency for_** and technology, and political **_Accounting and Control of Nuclear_** **_cooperation through bilateral and_** **_Materials (ABACC) was created to_** **_multilateral diplomacy._** implement this agreement, and a Safeguard Agreement was signed by both We can, therefore, conclude that, countries, the ABACC and the among all the elements related to a International Atomic Energy Agency - rtain problem, the military contributes (IAEA). These agreements contributed to together with the political cooperation build confidence, provide assurance to which translates to negotiations and ###### third parties and enhance regional and agreements that benefit the country's global stability. _6-51_ ----- Part /// - Defense Policies Our country also joined the stockpile or use this kind of weapons and _Tlatelolco Treaty in 1994 after proposing_ agreed to adhere to the Convention on the some amendments together with Chile _Prohibition of the Development,_ and Brazil. Such amendments did not _Production, Stockpiling and Use of_ affect its essence, but were geared to _Chemical Weapons and on their_ improve its mechanisms and applications _Destniction._ maiding them more efficient and less costly; and were approved and signed by Argentina sends technicians to the member countries in 1992. attend inspection courses and also participates in chemical and biological Argentina has also joined the Treaty inspection tasks under the UN mandate, _on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear_ for example in the Special Commission _Weapons (NPT), which prohibits the_ created by the Security Council to development or construction of nuclear monitor Iraq's elimination of mass weapons. destruction weapons and ballistic long- range missiles. Since 1991, our country has also supported the principles and guidelines Besides, our country is a member of contained in the Missile Technology the Organization for the Prohibition of _Control Regime (MTCR), which it finally_ _Chemical Weapons, based in The Hague,_ joined in 1993. Under this Agreement - and the Ministry of Defense has which Brazil also joined- Argentina organized a regional Course for undertakes not to develop missiles with Inspectors' Accompanying Personnel. ranges higher than 300 km and payloads These courses are held in the National exceeding 500 kg. Defense College, CITEFA (Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Our country promoted the non- Institute), the Military Explosives Factory proliferation of chemical and in Azul and the Azopardo Naval Arsenal. bacteriological weapons in the region through the Declaration of Mendoza, With respect to the question of signed in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil and biological weapon non-proliferation, Chile. Later on, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina is a party to the Convention on Paraguay and Uruguay adhered to this _the Prohibition of the Development,_ agreement. _Production and Stockpiling of_ _Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and_ Through this instrument, the _on their Destruction. It participates in all_ countries undertook not to develop, review conferences, and supports the ###### 6-52 ----- _Chapter 6 - The Pillars of our Defense Policy_ design of a verification regime; moreover, _Weapons, thus promoting greater_ Argentina is a member of the Australian _transparency in military matters. Our_ _Group engaged in chemical and biological_ country supports the creation of a similar weapon transfer control activities. register within the OAS, an initiative included in the action plan of the II Summit of the Americas. Argentina Control on sensitive exports is an es- believes that such register should be sential requirement for the success of any mandatory and that its scope should be policy for mass-destruction weapon non- enlarged. proliferation. Our country's international Based on the above, Decree No. 603/ cooperation has been evidenced by its 92 created the National War Material involvement in various consultation and Sensitive Export Control mechanisms with several countries, Commission, whose members are officials including the joint participation of the from the Defense, Foreign Affairs and Ministers of Defense and Foreign Affairs. Economy Ministries and technicians from competent organizations: the Nuclear In summary, the Defense Policy and Regulatory Authority (ARN), National Security Policy are interrelated and Air Space Commission (CONAE) and contribute to achieve the legitimate goals CITEFA (Armed Forces Scientific and of our Nation. On the other hand, these Technical Research Institute). policies, by promoting peace, international security and stability in the Furthermore, our country complies region also contribute to the with the UN Register of Conventional accomplishment of our own interests. 6 53 ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ ###### CHAPTER 7 . — a he Defense policy, stated in _reorganization of the Armed Forces, ,_ ###### f\^/ general terms, implies the adapting them to the new world >*-^ protection of Argentine vital requirements, including the redefinition of interests and contribution, within its _military missions and the promotion of_ scope and according to the national and _jointness._ international legal framework, to the support and development of strategic This transformation does not imply interests. any action towards an armamentism. Rather, its objective is to provide viability In relation to the military to the Armed Forces, in the long term, instrument, this policy pursues the regarding their personnel, equipment and consolidation and enhancement of its operational capability, commensurate spiritual and material capabilities, aiming with the needs imposed by our national at an effective deterrence strategy and at interests and the availability of local the maintenance of peace and resources as determined by the general international stability, especially in our ###### context. hemisphere. In other words, our goal is to have This policy has a threefold nature: Armed Forces with prestige in our society, national, regional and international. with highly capable and well-trained personnel, and provided with the suitable Our country has the right to organize equipment required to accomplish their its Armed Forces to be capable of exercising our legitimate defense, as missions and tasks. expressly stated in the UN Charter. This implies that such equipment should be readily available for use, with ###### 1. The Armed Forces the appropriate maintenance and complemented by the necessary logistics The main goal of our policy regarding the military is the modernization and and suitable levels of operational activity. _7-55_ ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ Moreover, the Armed Forces diplomatic fields, excluding the use of personnel should be allowed to fully force. exercise their profession -which influences their morale and motivation. Thus, they Our Defense policy in this area is should be given the opportunity to receive supported by confidence-building training and continuous practice in measures, as stated in the "Joint ground, naval and air activities, a decent **_Declaration of the Delegations of the_** financial compensation according to the **_Argentine Republic and the United_** demands imposed by military life, and **_Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern_** should have the assurance of a proper **_Ireland" adopted in Madrid on February_** retirement at the end of their active duty. 15[th], 1990. For the last fifteen years, the Defense The Rounds of Military-to-Military Ministry and the Armed Forces have **_Contacts with British counterparts,_** made, and continue to make, great efforts undertaken by Ministry of Defense's and adjustments to adapt themselves to officials together with Joint Staff and the new realities of the country and the Armed Forces officers and diplomatic world as a whole. support, also contribute to the progressive restoration of military relations between both countries. The consolidation of all these changes, with a medium term perspective, In coordination with the Ministry of started with the enactment of the Foreign Affairs, a contribution to preserve **_Reorganization of the Armed Forces Act_** renewable resources in the seas by the National Congress in 1998, with surrounding the Islands is made through the unanimous vote of every political periodic fishery patrols by Navy units and party. other institutions and organizations of the Argentine Government. ###### 2. Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and The Argentine government has ###### Sandwich del Sur Islands offered the British Government to undertake demining activities in the area, Our national policy, based on the in order to remove mines planted by the Constitution, emphasizes the strategy to Argentine Armed Forces during the recover our sovereignty over the islands conflict in 1982. This offer has been and maritime space of the national maintained and ratified, especially in territory in both the political and international forums. 7-56 ----- _Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action_ ###### 3. Sub-regional and continental including the continuation of areas Consultation Meetings between the Joint Staffs and Armed Forces of both The basic goal of. the Defense policy countries. in the hemisphere is to continue **.** **_The Argentine-Chilean Permanent_** contributing to confidence building, **_Security Committee, set up by a_** Memorandum of Understanding especially in its relations with the **_countries of the region._** signed in 1994 and the Consultation **_Meetings of high-ranking officers of_** both countries' Armed Forces. Regarding the "Enlarged **_MERCOSUR" -our main priority- our_** . The continuation of combined exercises goal is to consolidate the region as a Peace **_with Brazil and Uruguay -which_** Zone, considering a possible development have been held for many years- to of a common security system based on a improve the interoperability of their number of common challenges and respective Armed Forces. opportunities that can be perceived as - The continuation of combined exercises shared concerns. **_with Chile, successfully initiated in_** 1998, as a contribution to confidence building. To achieve that goal, we will continue to participate, support, cooperate and **.** **_The Agreement for Cooperation_** execute the relevant actions in relation to **_Strengthening in the fields of_** the following forums and activities: **_International Defense and Security_** **_with Bolivia, signed in 1996._** **.** **_Meetings at the Ministry of Defense_** **.** **_The initiation of negotiations for a_** **_and Foreign Affairs levels, both with_** **_cooperation agreement with Uruguay._** **_Chile and Brazil, following the steps_** and spirit of the meetings of "Tandil" At a hemispheric level, our policy is (1996) and "Itapaiva" (1997) held based on the following guidelines: with Brazil, and "Zapallar" (1996) and "Campo de Mayo" (1998) held **.** **_Defense Ministerial of the Americas,_** with Chile. following the spirit of Williamsburg **. The Consultation and Coordination** (1995), San Carlos de Bariloche **_Mechanisms on International Defense_** (1996) and the consolidation achieved **_and Security set up with Brazil as_** in Cartagena de Indias (1998). from the Memorandum of **• Action Plan of the II Summit of the** Understanding signed by both **_Americas on security and defense_** governments on April 27[th], 1997, matters. _7-57_ ----- Part III - Defense Policies **. Practical application of confidence-** **Argentine policy regarding** **_building measures, according to the_** **Peacekeeping Operations** recommendations of the Declarations Argentina's involvement in these of Santiago (1995) and El Salvador operations is not new, as it dates back to (1998). the first UN operations established in the **. Bilateral Working Group with the** Middle East in 1958. This mission has **_US, at the levels of Minister and_** uninterruptedly continued to involve Secretary of Defense respectively, and national troops to the present time. their specialized teams comprising officials and military staff. In all these decades, the Argentine ###### . High Level Consultation Mechanisms presence in peacekeeping missions has on security, disarmament and non- increased and, in the last few years, it proliferation established with Canada multiplied in accordance with the and the US. - Involvement in UNITAS combined dramatic increase of Peacekeeping **_exercises and other similar activities._** Operations (PKO) in the world since the **.** **_The support to the Army, Navy and_** end of the Cold War. **_Air Force Inter American Conferences,_** as the true forerunners of confidence- Between 1991 and 1995, our building in the hemisphere, as well as country sent an average of 1,400 men all types of historical military and women each year. At present, they exchanges of the Argentine Joint Staff account for 800 approximately, including and Armed Forces of the hemisphere. members of the Security Forces. This reduction follows the decreasing curve of ###### 4. International sphere the UN's overall participation and is mainly due to budgetary limitations of The Republic of Argentina has contributing countries. developed, especially in recent years, a policy of active involvement in the new It is important to note that design of the international security Argentina is one of the countries that strategy, through the involvement of its have made the greatest efforts towards Armed Forces in peacekeeping operations. international peace and stability in This has meant a contribution of our National Defense to its strategic interest relation with our GDP. Up to the present being the preservation of peace and time, more than 13,000 members of our international stability, which are key three Armed Forces have participated in values for our country. PKO's. _7-58_ ----- "S/C 705" Tank from the Argentine Combat Team, carrying out patrolling _activities in Eastern Slavonia (Croatia) in a UN Mission._ ----- _Part III Defense Policies_ At present, the country ranks seventh but has also taught military personnel among PICO participating countries in UN from Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, El missions, and aside from troops deployed Salvador, USA, Guatemala, Paraguay, in the field, Argentina has also assigned Peru and Venezuela. Its curricula follow high ranking officers to the Peacemaking the same guidelines as the UN Operations Department at the UN Peacekeeping Operations F)epartment. Headquarters in New York. The international importance of As a recognition of the effort and CAECOPAZ and of PICO's as a clear commitment of our country and the capability and skills shown by the Argentine military, the UN have entrusted many peacekeeping missions to the command of our officers. For that reason an Argentine general is presently the UNFICYP Commander in Cyprus, and another officer is the Second Commander at UNIKOM in Kuwait. _Air Force Personnel in its deployable hospital,_ Argentina is also participating in _providing health care to the people in tlie_ other projects aimed at enhancing UN _Mozambique UN Peacekeeping Mission._ readiness to respond to any contingency, such as the "Stand By Forces", the Fast manifestation of the links between our Deployment General Command and the foreign and defense policies is proven by Multinational High Readiness Brigade. the fact that the Director of International Organizations under the Figure 7-1 shows the current Foreign Affairs Ministry is a member of deployment of Argentine forces in PICO's the CAECOPAZ Academic Council. all over the world. Argentine's involvement in this field The special nature of PICO's led to the has not only increased substantially in creation of the Argentine PKO Joint numbers, but its performance has also **_Training Center (CAECOPAZ)_** in 1995. gone through the same quality changes as those of PICO's. This Center offers PKO theoretical and practical courses and welcomes not In fact, up to 1988 typical missions only members of our three Armed Forces were mostly based on the "classical 7 6O ----- 1) CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF ARGENTINE TROOPS IN PEACE MISSIONS < UN PREVENTIVE INTERNATIONAL MULTINATIONAL UN MISSION IN DEPLOYMENT COORDINATION FAST DEPLOYMENT PREVLAKA - FORCES CENTER BRIGADE MACEDONIA CROATIA BELGIUM DENMARK 1 1 ' 1 UN SEC GEN : UN MISSION IN N YORK _'•_ BOSNIA- 1 ; HERZEGOVIA ,_ v. 32 (*) ARG. PERM MISSION , IN THE UN i MULTINATIONAL NYORK _I_ SPECIALIZED UN 1 j STABILIZATION FORCE IN BOSNIA 77 D UN MISSION IN HAITI' 146 (*) UN PKO FORCE UN MISSION IN IN CYPRUS GUATEMALA 407 MILITARY OBSERVERS UN IRAK-KWAIT MISSION IN . OBSERVERS ECUADOR-PERU MISSION 14 53 FORCES **R E F E R E N C E S** I UN MISSION FOR UN UN TRUCE Armed Forces 485 THE REFERENDUM IN OBSERVERS OVERSIGHT (I) As of December 1st. 1998. National WESTERN SAHARA IN ANGOLA MISSION IN THE (*) I n c l u d e s Security Force* Staff Gendarmerie 277 1 is n MIDDLE EAST .-«. J General Headquarters and Quarters 3 'CTAu 762 - i **FIGURE 7-1** sor-r- Oi 6' ----- Part III - Defense Policies mandate" (such as truce observers and We believe that a new concept of peacekeeping forces). Later, their sphere cooperation is emerging between the two of action grew to include tasks such as extremes: deterrence and declared war; humanitarian assistance, casualty and PKO's are particularly important in assistance, refugees, mine sweeping, its implementation. political elections supervision and human rights protection, among others. This policy also takes into account PKO transfer effects from the technical- For Argentina, the diverse roles military sphere to the political-diplomatic played by PKO's in the course of time - field, since their execution presents some from classical operations to temporary difficulties inherent to the model coalitions and Stand-By Forces- are key (command, communications and logistics to face the changing nature of conflict problems, among others) which must be scenarios. resolved through political-diplomatic channels. Our policy frames these Peacekeeping Operations in the field of cooperation and Thus, PKO's lead to a continuous under a strict international legality synergy in terms of cooperation, which, in criterion. This means that the political turn, requires transparency, and in time decision to commit forces in PKO's is generates confidence. Thus by based on the assessment of certain contributing to stability, the latter is of conditions that need to be met before great significance for security and peace. sending our Armed Forces to peace missions. Such conditions include the following: a real threat to peace and international security, a clear mission scope and objectives established in an international legal instrument, and an agreement from the parties involved to the presence of PKO troops. _"Dabur" class Navy patrol boats sailing in Fonseca Gulf (Central America)_ _in UN Peace Mission._ _7-62_ ----- _Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action_ We believe that the national policy of involvement in PKO is an important contribution to a new International Security structure inserted in a world with universally shared values and with consensus on certain basic principles. ###### Humanitarian demining activities The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, _Air Force personnel and equipment deployed in UN_ Stockpiling, Production _Peace Mission in Cyprus._ and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and in relevant forums, including a recent on their Destruction signed in December agreement with the new Argentine 1997 marked not only the end of a "White Helmets" Organization. process but also the beginning of a new one, characterized by the enforcement of ###### One consequence: Major non-NATO provisions contained in the convention ###### ally of the US and the implementation of mine sweeping On January 26[th], 1998, the activities worldwide. designation of Argentina as Major Non- NATO Ally of the US was confirmed by The contribution of our country to its publication in the US Federal Register. humanitarian mine sweeping tasks is significant. The involvement of Argentina This appointment does not imply the in this field is strengthened through the formal creation of an offensive-defensive participation of military experts in Mine- alliance. The denomination "Major Non- Sweeping Programs in different parts of the world, such as Nicaragua, Angola and NATO Ally" was the name chosen by Kuwait. In addition, training and advisory American legislators to grant a number of services are offered to foreign Armed benefits, usually reserved for NATO allies, Forces at the CAECOPAZ and the to certain countries that maintain a close Ministry of Defense actively participates relation with the US. 7-63 ----- Part /// - Defense Policies So far, the list includes, besides into a category that includes only 7 other Argentina, other countries such as nations. Our country is also the first Latin Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Egypt, American nation in such category. Jordan, South Korea and Japan. Through this designation, the US acknowledge Such designation is not linked to the their excellent relations with Argentina, relation that the US or Argentina the strengthening of our democracy and maintains with other countries of the our defense policy in favor of region. In other words, Argentina does not international peace and security, and become a military ally of USA to face recognize our support to international common threats posed by neighboring free trade. Such acknowledgment is more countries. On the other hand, our country than a mere symbol: it is a sign of trust in has already stated that it would not the relationship between both countries. object to other countries of the region receiving this designation as well. Its designation as Major Non-NATO Ally-< differentiates ArgentinaO from other Also, its status does not impose any countries in the world by incorporating it formal obligations to Argentina: by not constituting an alliance, it does not create a joint policy mechanism and it does not imply an automatic alignment of our country with US _*•#&*_ - <•»•"'"" T**' ' < t t » _•'> •_ positions. ###### Other bilateral initiatives Our Defense policy also extends to other spheres in the international arena. Pursuing this policy Argentina signed an Agreement on _US Navy aircraft refuels a Super Etendart SUE Argentine Navy aircraft, in a_ **_Defense Cooperation_** _UNITAS combined exercise._ _7-64_ ----- _Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action_ _with Italy, in force since_ 1992, which is at present under a process of negotiation to implement it at military levels. Similarly, we will continue implementing, by means of different exchanges, the Agreement _on Defense Organization_ _with Spain, which was_ signed in 1992. On the other hand, as from the Agreement on _Combined exercises between the Argentine and Italian Marine Corps._ _Information and Working_ _Visits with Germany, signed in 1994, we_ level. We will also support all military continue fostering annual meetings of the exchanges that have historically been _Argentine-German Round of Military_ maintained both by the Joint Staff of the _and Technical Contacts._ Armed Forces and our Armed Forces throughout the world. Also, the Inter-institutional _Cooperation Agreement on Defense Issues_ _with Ukraine, which dates from 1998,_ **5. The environment** will be implemented. We have already mentioned that the Within this context of international deterioration of the environment is one of initiatives, the Agreement on Defense the new problems of the international _Cooperation with France, signed in 1998,_ agenda. will be implemented through the Joint _Commission created by such instrument,_ Though the environmental issue once it is ratified by both parties. involves every sector of society - and Non- Government Organizations provide Aside from these formal relations, valuable contributions in this regard - the Argentina strengthened its relations with government is the only political entity in several countries at the defense ministry the world community that can effectively _7-65_ ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ guarantee efficient actions, as expressed However, this new mission does not by the UN Peace Program in its Letter to mean that the military instrument should _the Planet._ immediately be involved in matters of environmental damage to our territory Argentina designed its environmental resulting from actions performed in policy at a national level and developed another country as this will be addressed strategies aimed at achieving sustainable by the political, institutional and development. This implies that special diplomatic channels, as necessary. attention is paid to the preservation of the environment. Clear examples of the interface between the Military and the In this regard, the reform of our Environment include: bio-diversity National Constitution in 1994 included preservation in relation to defense and the right of its people to enjoy a healthy and balanced environment, suitable for military training activities, control of the human development, and also provides marine environment due to potential for the obligation to preserve it. pollution caused by warships, protection Moreover, the obligation to remedy of the atmosphere from noise emissions environmental damages was also included. and military aircraft gas releases, and These constitutional provisions are preservation of the soil as a result of complemented by a set of laws and codes ground operations. as well as by international treaties on environmental matters that our country Argentina observes the Convention has endorsed to. _on the Prohibition of Military or any_ _Other Hostile Use of Environmental_ The question of the environment _Modification Techniques, adopted in_ concerns the jurisdiction of the Defense 1977 within the UN framework. Ministry, as shown by the inclusion of a chapter on "Armed Forces support to In sum, the environmental policy environmental protection" in the agenda carried out by the Environmental of the II Defense Ministerial of the Americas held in Bariloche. _Committee under the Ministry of Defense_ with the involvement of the Armed Forces In the specific area of Defense, this and the pertinent organizations is policy has been considered in the redesign implemented on two levels: inside military of military missions. institutions and outside their sphere. 7-66 ----- _Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action_ ###### Environment-sensitive military activities. This criterion reflects the first level of focus mentioned above and involves the following four steps which, in a way, summarize an international doctrine on environment and were adopted by our country for its Armed Forces: **_Strict compliance with regulations,_** whether derived from national or international instruments entered into by our country, especially considering transnational consequences brought about by certain environmental damages. **_Cautious Approach, which involves a_** _Air Force helicopters used in environmental_ prior consideration of the possible _protection tasks as part of the_ environmental impact caused by _National Fire-Fighting Plan._ military activities. and training play an essential role. For **_Pollution Prevention in the execution_** that reason, the Armed Forces, as well as of military operations, which, in other sectors of our society, are addition to a certain "behavior" incorporating into their training and required, concerns environmental **_education curricula the necessary_** considerations in the acquisition and academic and non-academic elements to operation of equipment and weapons. transmit adequate values, awareness, **_Restoration to the condition prior to_** attitudes, techniques and behavior the military activity performed. towards the environment. These aspects must be taken into **National and international** account both inside military garrisons and **cooperation** quarters as well as in the case of forces This is the focus of the second level of operating outside their bases. Defense environmental policy. In order to meet these goals successfully, long-term efforts are Equipment and logistics capabilities required. And, in this regard, education of the Armed Forces to comply with their 7-67 ----- Part /// - Defense Policies main mission coupled with their of environmental awareness, landfills permanent readiness, make them capable movement, support to fire-fighting of cooperating with the pertinent civilian activities, forestry, water and coast contamination prevention, as well as **_authorities not only in case of natural_** educational activities, among others. disasters but also to protect and restore the environment. Also, there is a permanent interrelation between the Ministry of On this basis, the Armed Forces have Defense and the Ministry of the Interior entered into several cooperation as regards support required from the agreements with the Secretariat of Armed Forces in case of natural disasters. Natural Resources and Development of the Nation, with provincial and municipal This cooperation extends into the authorities, and with NGO's. These international arena on issues such as agreements include various environmental ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gases matters, such as water sanitation, and environment-sensitive marine areas, National Parks protection, the promotion among others. 7-68 ----- _Part HI - Defense Policies_ ###### CHAPTER 8 —in he reorganization of the capable of developing extended _f \^/y_ Armed Forces in the operations involving different ^—•^ framework of the National specialties and geographic Defense policy requires suitable tools to environments. become effective. In order to elaborate the Skilled and trained commands and appropriate projects required by Act No. general staffs in order to conduct 24948, several sectors of our National operations, carry out studies and Defense system were involved. research, planning and support to the senior levels of the military strategy, To such effect, Defense Ministry operational strategy and high-level Resolution No. 440/98 created the tactical planning. **_Military Reorganization System, as_** Prioritizing on jointness and on the shown in Figure 8-1. operational integration of our Armed Forces in order to avoid duplication of Work Teams have been set up to efforts. perform their activities pursuant to the Implementing political, strategic, terms of the above mentioned Act. logistical and mobilization plans which, in the event of crisis situations, ###### 1. Reform goals may enable to increase the operational capabilities in a short period of time. ###### Having budget allocations The main objectives of this transformation process include: commensurate with the requirements described above, thus eliminating all - Having highly motivated personnel of expenditures that do not contribute all ranks, recognized by society and directly to the tasks assigned. with high professional skills -both in Improving the status of military theory and in practice- and trained in personnel by providing them with single-service, joint and combined salaries commensurate with their operations. responsibilities, while increasing the - Reduced number of operational units requirement of full-time dedication with an efficient logistic support and and training. 8-69 ----- Part III - Defense Policies **MILITARY REORGANIZATION SYSTEM** **MINISTER OF DEFENSE** ###### \ **ARMED FORCES CHIEFS OF GENERAL STAFF COMMITTEE** ###### I **REORGANIZATION COMMITTEE** **ADVISORS** Army, Navy and Secretary of Secretary of Planning and Air Force Military Affairs Reorganization Deputy Chiefs Under-Secretary Joint Staff Depputy Chief of Staff for Technical Coordination ###### I **Executive Secretary** **Group of Representatives** Under-Secretary for Policy and Strategy Representatives from the Joint Joint Staff Chief of Operations Staff and the Services General Staff **I** **Work Teams** - Law Regulation - Military Instrument's Design - Budget - Salary Improvement - etirement and Pension Systems - lanning, Programming and Budgeting Information Systems - Mobilization and Reserves - Military Education System - ailoring of Act. 19101 - Production for Defense **FIGURE 8-1** _8- 70_ ----- _Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization_ _Launching of the "ROLAND" Annj Air Defense Missile. A 35 mm L 90_ _"OERLIKON CONTRAVES" cannon can be seen in the back._ ###### Characteristics required from the performance specific actions and Military Instrument should provide the necessary In order to comply with the interoperability capacities for joint reorganization objectives, the Military and combined operations. Instrument will have to meet the following To be provided with a flexible conditions: organization and size according to the national interests to be protected, the - To be multi-purpose, versatile, missions to be accomplished, the technologically developed and capable spaces to carry out operations, of permanent evolution. readiness times and the economic and - To be provided with command, technological capabilities required for control, communications, intelligence maintaining the military instrument. and information technology systems as To be provided with a suitable well as logistic support systems and to have a doctrine for their use, all of strategic projection capability and a which should guarantee the high mobility. _8- 71_ ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ ###### 2. Specific Areas Deployment decisions will take into consideration the geographical size of ###### Organization the country at the continental and The organization will be designed coastal levels, its maritime and fluvial on the basis of strategic areas, each spaces, the low density of population in managed by a Joint Command. Joint distant areas as well as the characteristics commands will develop operational of certain insular areas. strategic reviews and forecasts and will elaborate doctrines for the use of the Moreover, the consolidation of military instrument for their strategic units into fewer quarters/bases will be areas. considered. Such facilities will be complemented by others to be established Intermediate commands will be in case of necessity, but priority will be eliminated as they lack a practical given to fast deployment capabilities. purpose, and administrative and bureaucratic structures will be reduced to Units from the three services that the minimum. will become part of a certain Operational Strategic Command will be located in Furthermore, priority will be given contiguous areas to the command post. to the organization of combined weapon groups or task forces groups over units in ###### Personnel structure the pure sense. The personnel structure will be broken down into hierarchies, ensuring a ###### These criteria do not exclude the proper distribution of command and ###### creation of other single-service, joint or technical personnel (engineers, physicians, combined Operational Strategic etc.), but aiming at reducing the latter to Commands or territorial commands, ###### the minimum. pursuant to the National Defense Act. As regards recruitment of technical ###### Deployment and Infrastructure personnel, individuals who have ###### Wherever possible, units will be graduated from the National Education grouped in different geographical areas. The Armed Forces will share the use of System will be given priority, so as to facilities, enhance the utilization of avoid incurring into costs derived from installed capabilities and cut down on training those officers in the Military infrastructure and utility costs. Education System. ###### 8-72 ----- _Chapters- Modernization and Reorganization_ Our National Congress is Education in the Armed Forces will empowered to approve the number of follow the national education system's military personnel in the Armed Forces structure and will seek to take advantage and the number of civilian personnel, with of available capabilities, thus eliminating their respective organizational and duplication and aiming at a better budgeting structures. insertion of its members in the general educational and cultural environment. The Armed Forces personnel are organized according to the following **Personnel promotion** categories: The policy objective in this field consists in contributing to the level of ###### . Full-time active-duty personnel: As excellence mentioned before, through the defined in Act 19101 following actions, and those set forth in ###### . Active-duty personnel incorporated for Act 19101: _a specified term: Those who serve_ within one of the Services for a **.** **Promotions are based on selection and** specified period of time as part of the **_vacancies._** permanent staff, in order to . In relation to the above mentioned complement or support it. Their item, extending the years of active- military condition will automatically _duty, in an attempt to make more_ cease at the end of such period or for intensive utilization of the experience specific reasons. This category also acquired and endeavoring to obtain includes volunteer soldiers, as defined the best cost-effectiveness in military in Act 24429. personnel training. ###### . Reserve personnel: Pursuant to Act • Addition of new requirements for prior **19101.** **_education:_** ###### . For the promotion to Senior Officer The number of reserve personnel (Colonel and equivalent ranks): in each service will be determined by the College and university level of Joint Military Planning, paying special education for such personnel who ###### attention to quality over quantity. graduated from the Armed Forces academies after 1992. ###### Personnel education . For the promotion to Senior Non- The main objective in education is Commissioned Officer: High school to achieve excellence. degree or an equivalent level. _8-73_ ----- _Part HI - Defense Policies_ These requirements will become scheme and the government pension effective as of 2005. system, maiding it compatible with the national system and allowing the transfer ###### Civilian personnel of beneficiaries. The administrative structure of the Armed Forces will allow replacing military ###### Defense Equipment **_personnel by civilian personnel, so as to_** Fund allocation priorities will be optimize military personnel training costs the following: in the operational field, and concentrating on the exercise of the military profession ###### . Firstly, to recover out-of-service itself. equipment (including their logistic Such substitutions will be cycle) whenever feasible and performed following Ministry of Defense's acceptable, provided that they are approval. suitable to maintain operational capabilities. This exchange should not exceed ###### . Secondly, to upgrade available the total number of military and civilian personnel and the positions established by equipment when deemed appropriate, our National Congress for each Service, feasible and acceptable, in order to nor should it entail an increase in meet the corresponding operational personnel spending. capabilities. - As a last resort, to acquire new ###### Salaries equipment. When procurement The criteria followed to determine military personnel salaries will be based decisions are made, priorities shall be on hierarchical equivalence to the other the following: sectors of the Civil Service. - Promoting a deterrent capability. ###### • Promoting standardization with For this purpose, in addition to existing equipment, at a joint level. resources assigned to salaries (subject to ###### . Providing new technological funding allocations), the total savings made in each financial year as a result of **_developments. In these cases,_** personnel reduction will be assigned to priority will be given to progressive salary improvements. incorporating weapon systems that may include the transfer of ###### Military retirement and pensions technology and simulator training The present system will be equipment. modified to follow both the capitalization 8-74 ----- _Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization_ Decisions on equipment suitability partnerships with other countries will be and acceptability should be made in sought to this end. accordance with the joint military planning. However, the Ministry of Defense is considering actions aimed at maintaining To such effect, a Technical and acquiring essential and indispensable **_Committee for the Follow-up of Military_** logistical capabilities, difficult to attain in **_Acquisitions was created under the_** times of crisis and whose permanent local Ministry of Defense. availability should therefore be ensured. Based on the above priorities, the **Budgeting and management control** equipment policy should not be This area is essential for the proper interpreted as excessive arms increase conduct of Defense issues, according to causing an imbalance with respect to the the criteria and mechanisms described in regional and world situation or with other Part V, and for a more rational allocation requirements of the country. of funds. In order to improve efficiency in this field, policies have been set with the In brief, the criterion followed to following objectives: equip the Armed Forces responds, within reasonable limits, to such operational - To foster the use of compatible and capabilities as are required for the joint **_interoperable information systems by_** **_attainment of National Defense_** the three Armed Forces, the Joint Staff objectives. of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense. ###### Logistics and Production for . The final implementation of the Defense articles Planning, Programming and The Senior Logistics Board **_Budgeting System (S3P) consisting of_** (described in Chapter 17) will endeavor an information system suitable to to rationalize, standardize and classify all meet the requirements mentioned Armed Forces and logistic equipment. above. An involvement of the private industry in the production of Defense **3. Resource rationalization** articles will be encouraged. Dual **measures** technology research in areas of interest both for Defense and for the civilian In compliance with the sector will also be promoted, and Government Reform Act No. 23696, the _8- 75_ ----- _Part III - Defense Policies_ Executive Branch issued decree No. 558/ conceived and implemented by the Armec 96, establishing the need for the Defense Forces on the basis of general guidelines Ministry to elaborate projects aimed at provided for by the Ministry of Defense, modernizing personnel administration, the operational capability of the Armed accounting, budgeting, health care, Forces was improved as reflected in Table logistics and education systems for the 8-2. Armed Forces. Actions were aimed at improving Since then, based on a previous the following areas: professional review performed by the Armed Forces, the Minister of Defense **Logistics** approved, through Resolution No. 3247 96, a number of rationalization measures **Health care** aimed at utilizing savings made in - Organization of joint medical expenditures intended to improve the assistance centers in military units Armed Forces investments and training. with personnel from more than one Service. Through these measures and other - Centralization of various high- expenditure optimization actions, complexity and chronic-pathology ###### Service Operational activity increase Army (1) 30% Sea Fleet (2) 45% Submarine Force (2) 57% Navy Naval Aviation (3) 10% Marine Corps (4) 42% Air Force (3) 23% Based on increases in: (1) Manoevers / Training days at troop level ###### (2) Training ays at sea (3)Flight hours (4) Manoevers / Training days at troop level **TABLE 8-2** _8- 76_ ----- _Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization_ services in only one Service Military **Infrastructure** Hospital, depending on the available . Moving the Ministry of Defense Staff expertise and infrastructure. and Joint Staff headquarters to the ###### • Consolidation of complementary "Libertador" Building. medical assistance services. - Sale of the building formerly used by ###### . Consolidation of Army medical the Ministry of Defense. organizations at operating units. ###### . Closure of the Rio Santiago Naval Operations Hospital. ###### . Reduction in the number of first-aid Joint education and training centers and combat health-care - Consolidation of specialized training storerooms for the Argentine Navy. as follows: ###### . Introduction of computerized health- . Divers: Common training phase in care cards. the Navy. ###### . Diving instructors: from the Navy. Personnel • Commandos: Common phase in • Standardization of personnel the Army. information systems, integrated by the ###### • Parachuting: in the Army. Ministry of Defense. ###### • Antarctica: Common "rock-ice" phase in the Army. ###### Supply - Commandos, Parachuting, Forest - Consolidation of common supplies ###### and Mountain Instructors: in the management and creation of a joint commission to coordinate common Army. requirements. These tasks have been - Military Attache Training: undertaken by the Senior Logistics Common phase at the Armed Board. Forces Joint in Staff. ###### Maintenance Specific actions for the Army - Joint use of each Service's repair shops . Closure of the following units: ###### and arsenal facilities, according to • Seven Army garrisons (Las Lajas, geographical areas involved. Catamarca, Guadalupe, Santo Tome Corrientes, San Nicolas, La ###### Research and Development Paz, and Tucuman). ###### . Promotion of an increased utilization of each Service's technological . Two intelligence sections. capabilities and coordination of their - Army Hospitals in Tucuman and research and development activities. Corrientes. 8-77 ----- **Part /// - Defense Policies** ###### . Sixty-eight finance services, by • Closure of "Dr. Francisco de centralizing and merging their Gurruchaga" Naval School. tasks. ###### . Consolidation into one of the units Specific actions for the Air Force in Santo Tome, in the Province of - Organizational changes in the X Air Santa Fe. Brigade, by transforming it into an Air ###### . Phased closure or transfer of the Base. Military High School "Damaso - Closure of the X Air Brigade Air Centeno". Squadron, transferring air equipment ###### to the VI Air Brigade and the Specific actions for the Navy remaining equipment to the "Rio - Transfer of the Naval Operations, Cuarto" Material Area. Naval Aviation and Marine Corps . Reorganization of the Chemical Air Commands from Buenos Aires to Force Detachment into an Puerto Belgrano Naval Base. Operational Support Squadron. 8-78 ----- ###### PART IV ----- _Part IV - Redefining Military Missions_ ###### CHAPTER 9 _s-^s~-*i. o far, we have described the_ possibilities of our country, and is ###### »\^_t>\^ Defense policy objectives commensurate with the national v_x through an evaluation of the development achieved. strategic scenario as perceived by our country, including new challenges, problems and opportunities. Also, we have **1. Use of the Military Instrument** assessed the national interests and conditions imposed by the new "rules of The issues discussed above allow us the game" as contained in the legal to define the following circumstances or framework. scenarios where the Armed Forces are expected to be used: Our Armed Forces are adapting to these new realities and demands through - In defense of the Nation's vital the redefinition of the Military ###### interests _Instrument's missions, based on national_ ###### • In the framework of the UN and other strategies established by the constitutional branches of the international organizations government, in particular the Executive ###### • In support to security and the Legislative. ###### • In support to the national community The re-definition of missions leads to or friendly countries a better use of our country's economic resources and improves the effectiveness ###### 2. Missions of the military component, it offers better conditions and provides this component with the necessary, adequate and modern The main or primary mission of the tools in terms of personnel, equipment, Military Instrument is to deter aggression training and doctrine. or to employ its means effectively in order to guarantee our Nation's vital interests Therefore, the defense program is and to permanently protect them from balanced against the needs and foreign aggressions. _9 -81_ ----- _Part IV - Redefining Military Missions_ _Food loading into an Air Force C-130 aircraft for people affected by_ _the floods in the Argentine littoral._ _Army SA 315-B "LAMA" helicopter in rescue activities during field exercic_ **_9-82_** ----- _Chapter 9 - Missions of the Military Instrument_ In addition to this traditional role, coalitions under the mandate of there are other missions derived from the International Organizations; new demands posed by the strategic - Involvement in domestic security scenario. operations under the terms of Act ###### 24059; The use of our Armed Forces to accomplish these missions will be based on - Involvement in the development of the available capabilities and will military cooperation, confidence- contribute to the actions of government in building and other measures aimed at respect of our strategic interests in preventing conflict situations at support of world peace, as well as to regional and international level; national and international efforts towards a better standard of living. - Search and rescue; ###### • Antarctic activities support; These missions complement, but do . Humanitarian aid; not substitute, the main mission. The ###### . Community support; **_other missions of the military instrument_** ###### • Contribution to environmental are as follows: protection; - Accomplishment of any other missions - Involvement in peacekeeping assigned by government. operations and/or multinational **0-83** ----- _Part IV - Redefining Military Missions_ ###### CHAPTER 10 _Integrate C3 12 systems (command,_ asic, common and specific control, communications, intelligence tasks of the Armed Forces can and information technology) at be defined in consideration of national, military and operational their missions as described in the previous strategic levels, in order to manage chapter. ground, naval and air operations. _Participate in satellite systems_ applicable to the Defense area for ###### 1. Basic functions research, development, installation, maintenance and operation activities; From the conceptual viewpoint, these manage systems enabling or tasks can be summarized as follows: facilitating the development of military operations. **»** **_Scope of Action, including the national_** _Integrate electronic warfare systems at_ **land, sea, river and air spaces. Control** national, military and operational **of national interest areas pursuant to** strategic levels, and carry out ground, **legal regulations and commitments** naval and air electronic warfare **undertaken.** operations. **• Projection of joint or specific ground,** _Conduct CBN defense operations_ **naval and air forces.** against chemical, biological and nuclear weapons or means. ###### 2. Tasks common to the three Services 3. Specific Army tasks These tasks are discharged by each specific Service, and are identical for the - Execute the following operations with three: ground resources and manned or - Operate in any environment (land, unmanned aircraft and helicopters: _maritime and fluvial, air) with_ minimum advance notice and high » Air exploration and reconnaissance readiness levels. - Observation **10*85** ----- 'art V7 - Redefining Military Missions ###### . Target acquisition Amphibious - Specific high priority air transport in Mining areas close to combat zones. Anti-submarine ###### . Fire support (only helicopters) Specific air defense (counter-air and . Security and protection (only anti-aircraft) helicopters) Demining ###### . Air mobility operations (only Tactical and strategic interdiction helicopters) Maritime and fluvial control of ###### . Search and rescue with aircraft shipping and protection under its control during operations. Defense of coasts, ports, bases, naval facilities and support points **. Provide ground and air-to-ground** Maritime and fluvial transport **_mobility with helicopters (systematic_** Specific fixed and mobile logistic air mobility) support **. Provide fire support with surface-to-** Hospitalization and evacuation surface weapon systems necessary to Tactical divers (seals) and execute the maneuver involved and amphibious commandos coordinate support to be provided by With auxiliary cruisers other Services. In restricted waters **.** **_Integrate the air defense system (at a_** Operational environment research **_national level) with its own resources_** Search and rescue for the execution of air defense per se Search, assistance and rescue and anti-aircraft defense in ground Exploration, reconnaissance and operations, participating in the intelligence planning and coordination phase. Fluvial and riverside activities ###### . Execute operations in large rivers with the necessary fluvial and lake **_Integrate the air defense system (at a_** capabilities. **_national level) with its own resources_** for naval operations, participating in the planning and coordination phase. ###### 4. Specific Navy tasks **_Provide navigation safety services for_** **_the public by gathering, centralizing_** ###### . Execute naval operations in the and disseminating information, following fields: including beacon services, hydrography, oceanography and - Surface navigation in general in the relevant - Submarine spaces or as determined by our ###### . Air naval operations national interests. 10 - ----- _Chapter 10 - Armed Forces Tasks_ ###### 5. Specific Air Force tasks and specific Air Force operational requirements. **.** **_Permanent control and surveillance of_** - Tactical air operations necessary to **_our airspace_** provide air support to ground forces **.** **_Immediate execution of the following_** by means of aircraft. **_operations:_** **. Special operations to achieve Air** Force objectives other than those **. Airspace defense operations:** mentioned above. Detection, identification, interception and destruction of targets **_Execute and coordinate air defense at a_** *** Strategic air operations: Strategic** **_national level_** air offensive, strategic air **_Execute and coordinate its specific air_** interdiction, strategic air **_defense_** exploration and reconnaissance. **_Provide security and defense to Air_** ###### . Transport operations necessary to Force means meet the requirements of the **_Forecast and evaluate weather scenarios_** national-level joint military actions in specific geographical areas. **_10 -87_** ----- ###### PARTY ----- Part V - Management of Defense ###### CHAPTER 11 ama — Ml he following structures and - Threats and risks to national ###### rV^/ concepts reflect the basic interests, comprising them into S^X criteria for the organization scenarios and determining their and general management of our National seriousness and likelihood of Defense. occurrence - The strategic conception to ###### 1. Defense System structure prevent them, avoid them and, if necessary, to cope with them. The Defense System involves several national authorities, institutions and ###### . Develop plans to prepare the entire organizations that coordinate inter- nation for eventual armed conflicts. jurisdictional activities, and is based on the society as a whole. . Develop planning activities both at a military and operational strategic ###### Defense System's aims level. . Conduct war in all levels, including The organization of the National the national strategic level. Defense System is aimed at managing, - Conduct the Armed Forces and sectors governing and administering its sub- in the country affected by the conflict systems, so as to accomplish a high level National Defense in accordance with the involved at a military and operational requirements of the country. strategic level. ###### . Prepare and execute national The main goals of the system can be mobilization actions. summarized as follows: ###### . Ensure the execution of joint and, eventually, combined military ###### . Inception and design of a national defense strategy which should operations. basically include the following - Establish points of convergence in elements: order to establish possible alliances. _11-91_ ----- Part V - Management of Defense ###### System components CODENA (National Defense Council) CODENA is the legal body that _Members of the Defense System_ provides assistance and advice to the include: President of the Nation: being the Ministry of Defense its working body. ###### . The President of the Nation and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed **Permanent members** Forces. - The President, who chairs the Council ###### . The National Defense Council and will adopts decisions in all cases. (CODENA). _• The Vice-President._ ###### . The National Congress, which plays • The Ministers . The chief of the highest-level two major roles: intelligence agency. ###### . Exercising its constitutional powers Optional members already mentioned in Chapter 4. ###### . The chairman of the Defense . On a daily basis, through the House Committees from both Houses of and Senate Defense Committees Congress and other specialized committees, . Two members from such Committees, which hold meetings with the one for the majority party and one for Ministers that assist the Executive the minority Branch, and through annual and ###### Possible members periodic reports. ###### . The Chief of the Joint Staff of the . The Ministry of Defense. Armed Forces, accompanying the ###### . The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces Minister of Defense at the hitter's (JSAF). convenience. ###### . The Army, the Navy and Air Force. . The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air . The Security Forces (National Force General Staffs, accompanying Gendarmerie and Coast Guard), as the Minister of Defense at the hitter's established by law. convenience. - The Argentine people, through their ###### Occasional participants active involvement in compliance with ###### . Other authorities or members of other the laws that require mobilization; civil government branches or specialists, as service and civil defense. determined by tho President. _11-92_ ----- _Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense_ ###### . National Strategy Working _Team (GRUTEN)_ - National Strategy Team _(GAEN)_ ###### . National Mobilization _Working Team (GRUMO17)_ These teams are formed by personnel from the Ministry, the Armed Forces and the concerned government organizations . _Nary tactical divers (seals) operating with SH3 Naiy helicopter._ **Crisis Committee** This organization assists and advises Whenever the President may deem necessary, a reduced CODENA team is the President of the Nation in the summoned to act as a Defense cabinet to military conduct of war and the advise and assist him in the exercise of his management of Operational Strategic political and strategic management of Commands. Defense matters, crisis management and Its members are the following: supervision. . The Minister of Defense, who is in ###### National Defense Council's Secretariat (SECODENA) charge of coordinating its actions. This body is headed by the Secretary . The Chief of the Joint Staff of the of Military Affairs under the Ministry of Armed Forces Defense, who uses his own organization. . The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air Its mission is to promote and implement Force (ieneral Stalls. the necessary actions to assist the CODENA or the Defense cabinet. The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces will be its working body, and its Deputy The following arc the SECODENA's Chief will act as the Committee's working teams created to accomplish its Secretary. mission: _11-93_ ----- _Part V - Management of Defense_ **Service Chiefs of Staff Committee** . The production of the annual **(COMIJEM)** budget for the Armed Forces and As we have seen, the idea of jointness the pertinent general plan for plays an essential role in the Defense equipping them. policy and it is considered one of the . Assist the Minister of Defense in: cornerstones of the system. . Issues concerning human resources required for the Armed Forces This joint body was created in order Reserve. to help achieve the above mentioned - Producing the Armed Forces Joint objective. The Chief of the Joint Staff Mobilization Plan. chairs the COMIJEM and the Chiefs of . The coordination of Armed Forces' the Army, Navy and Air Force General common aspects, especially as Staffs are the members to this committee, regards administration, legal which ensures and provides for the matters and logistics. continuity of such activities aimed at enhancing jointness. As a result of its **The Armed Forces** similarity to the Crisis Committee, the The Armed Forces of Argentina COMIJEM can perform both roles. comprise the Army, Navy and Air Force. The COMIJEM reports to the They constitute the Military Ministry of Defense and its main Instrument of our National Defense and missions are the following: include personnel and equipment organized under a chain of command ###### . To be responsible for: responsible for the conduct of all its . Setting priorities regarding subordinates. resources necessary to meet operational requirements. The Armed Forces have to comply ###### . Integrating and/or complementing with an internal discipline regime and are communications and electronic governed in their actions by national and warfare. international laws applicable to armed ###### . To be involved in: conflict. This is one of the pillars of our . Military organizational changes country's defense policy. aimed at implementing jointness. - Military mobilization The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and requirements. Air Force General Staffs report to the ###### . Military strategic intelligence. Minister of Defense by delegation from - To participate in: the President and maintain a functional _11-94_ ----- _Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense_ relation with the Joint Staff as regards areas. Commanders-in-Chief (CINC's) are joint military actions. appointed by the President and report to him directly: they are responsible for the ###### Responsibility of the Security military conduct of operations in the Forces assigned territory. The Security Forces include the National Gendarmerie and the Argentine In such cases, the powers of Coast Guard. In 1996, as part of the constitutional authorities remain in full comprehensive Government Reform force, and the Commander of the Theater process, a political decision was made to of Operations must coordinate with the transfer both organizations from the area civilian authority the actions required to of the Ministry of Defense to the accomplish his mission. Ministry of the Interior. This decision was embodied in Executive Branch Decree No. In the case of a federal intervention 660. pursuant to Article 6 of our National Constitution, an exception to this One of the Security Forces' basic principle will be made only if missions as regards national defense is the circumstances make it absolutely control and surveillance of our borders, unavoidable. Even in this case, the surrounding waters, and the custody of Judiciary will retain its full powers. strategic facilities. Under current With the previous approval of legislation that integrates these forces into Congress, the President can define the System of National Defense, their human resources and equipment, or a part of them, will be assigned to the Operational Strategic Commands and territorial commands, in accordance with the evolution of the conflict involved and the pertinent planning. ###### 2. Basis for territorial and operational organization The President is empowered by law to establish TJieaters of Operations, _Army parachuters in an airborne exercise._ determining the corresponding geographic _11-95_ ----- **Part V - Management of Defense** **DEFENSE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION** GRUTEN co±i, PRESIDENT AND CRISIS GAEN **National Defense** COMMANDER **.CouncjJ Secretary.** COMMITTEE GRUMOVI3* IN CHIEF DEFENSE STAFF **CHIEFS OF** MINISTER OF JOINT STAFF **STAFF** DEFENSE **COMMITTEE** ###### L ^n ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE OPERATIONAL STRATEGIC COMMANDS ARGENTINE NATIONAL COAST GUARD ###### RELATIONSHIPS Organizational Planning and Training Advise and Assistance Support Functional — — - In the event of an armed conflict- **FIGURE 11-1** **_11-96_** ----- _Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense_ military areas subject to military custody The participation of National and protection on account of National Congress members in the System as per Defense reasons. our National Constitution enables access of parliamentary representatives into the On the other hand, the military system. strategic planning process might require the establishment of Strategic Areas, The Minister of Defense manages, Operational Strategic Commands and organizes and coordinates all defense Territorial Commands. The President of activities and tasks other than those the Nation commits forces with the advice reserved or performed directly by the of the Crisis Committee. Their President. Commanders report directly to the President in case of an armed conflict, and CODENA participates in the process to the Ministry of Defense - through the of identifying potential conflicts, adopting Joint Staff - for planning and training strategies and in the coordination of plans purposes. and actions required for conflict resolution. Therefore, a warning mechanism that considers predictable ###### 3. Defense System - Its operation conflict situations and the appropriate response to each situation must be ###### Decision and Rules of Engagement implemented and followed up. The President manages National Defense in his capacity of Head of State As already mentioned, there will be and Commander in Chief of the Armed occasions in which the president will Forces, under the terms established by our resort to the Defense Cabinet. National Constitution. The support to CODENA is provided With the advice of the CODENA, by its Secretary, essentially through the the President determines the contents and organization of working teams specialized guidelines required to elaborate the in strategy and mobilization. National Defense planning. The Joint Staff assists and advises The President is also in charge of the Minister of Defense on military both the general and military conduct of strategy and participates in the Joint war, with the advice and assistance of the Military Planning according to the CODENA and the Crisis Committee guidelines provided by the President respectively. through the Minister of Defense. _11-97_ ----- _Part V - Management of Defense_ The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and This legal premise implies that, Air Force General Staffs are in charge of military commanders must receive, in managing their respective organizations. addition to the classical orders for their ###### They conduct the preparation for war of mission, tasks and the way to execute their respective operational elements and them, special instructions with clear and the logistic support therefor. They also accurate guidelines on the effective use < provide advice to the Joint Staff of the force. Armed Forces in joint military planning activities as regards the components, These provisions are especially dimension and deployment of their necessary in the current strategic Forces. environment as well as in a situation of conflict, given the large diversity of The Operational Strategic situations that may arise apart from tho: Commanders do not report to the Chiefs typical of a classical war. of the Army, Navy, and Air Force General Staffs but to political authorities, namely Rules of engagement are especially the President in case of an armed conflict important during crises, so as to avoid or the Minister of Defense in normal unwanted escalation of conflict, in situations. In other words, the decision on situations of tension and even when the use of military forces is in the hands necessary to prevent such situation -whii of representatives democratically elected sometimes arise from wrong perceptions by society, whereas the Chiefs of the of actions and attitudes adopted by Armed Forces general Staffs only provide military forces even unintentionally. for military force organization, training, readiness and logistic support. These instructions are known in the world as Rules of Engagement. They are Figure 11-1 illustrates the structure issued by the competent authority and and operation of the Defense System define the circumstances and limits to described above. which the forces will start or continue an ###### armed engagement with other forces. 4. Rules of Engagement Rules of Engagement Objectives We have already mentioned the legal These rules represent a key element provisions for the conduct of military in the use of military force based on operations according to the rules of national objectives and their overall aims national and international law. are: _11-98_ ----- _Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense_ our national policy, the law and the military operation requirements. Among other aspects, the Rules of Engagement also provides for the definition of a "hostile act", restrictions and conditions to open fire, the size and duration of the attack to be deployed, target limitations, tactical, technical and geographical space restrictions, etc. _Air force C-130 aircraf discharging cargo from the air._ These Rules are especially useful in unclear conflict situations and can be issued by the highest political- ###### . To provide standard guidelines in diplomatic level of the Nation. They are times of peace. ###### . To enable control of the transition to a subsequently incorporated into the crisis, and from a crisis to a war. operating instructions of military ###### . To control combat operations once authorities using the appropriate forces become involved in an armed operational terminology. conflict. In brief, the Rules of Engagement Their specific objectives are the represent a practical tool that provides following: rationality, proportion and humanity to the use of military force. - Political objectives: To ensure that our national policy is followed in the Some actual examples of the military sphere. application of this instrument by our ###### . Military objectives: To provide country are the following: security to the forces and to prevent the possibility of an unwanted ###### . Permanent orders given to our Armed reaction from the opponent. Forces between 1982 and 1990 (when - Legal objectives: To ensure that operations are executed according to diplomatic relations were restored with the law. Great Britain) regarding British military forces stationed in, or in Thus, the Rules of Engagement transit to, the Malvinas Islands. It is represent an inter-relationship between important to note that certain Rules of 11-99 ----- _Part V - Management of Defense_ Engagement common to both report to the National Government or to countries' military were added to the the provinces. II Madrid agreements -which formalized that restoration- to prevent It is a functional, non-hierarchical undesired misunderstandings in the organization, which implies that agencies military field which might affect the forming the system are not linked by political and diplomatic process aimed command relationships but by at restoring relations between both coordination lines. countries. ###### . Rules incorporated -upon instructions The head of the system who carries of the Foreign Ministry- to operating out management and coordination orders for the Argentine Naval Task activities is the State Intelligence Force providing logistic support to the Secretary in his capacity as Chairman of international coalition involved in the the National Intelligence Office (Central Gulf war in 1991, under a UN _National de Inteligencia), which reports_ mandate. directly to the President of the Nation. ###### . These concepts were incorporated into the curricula of regular courses of the Figures 11-2 and 11-3 illustrate the Command and Staff College and at system and its levels of activity. the Argentine PKO Joint Training **_Center (CAECOPAZ), because_** The top organization in the system is Peacekeeping Operations are a field the National Intelligence central. where these guidelines are especially necessary. **The Joint Military Intelligence** ###### System Our country's regular use of this Military Intelligence organizations mechanism again reflects the effective constitute a particular subsystem within application of political guidelines at the the National Intelligence System called decision-making level. the Joint Military Intelligence System. Its organization is shown in Figure 11-4. ###### 5. Joint Military Intelligence System - Parliamentary oversight This system reports to the President of the Nation through the Minister of The National Intelligence System Defense, whose main advisory comprises all the intelligence agencies of organization is the Joint Military the country, regardless of whether they Intelligence Committee. _11-100_ ----- _Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures oj Defense_ ###### NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA C.N.I. **(National Intelligence Central)** ###### " SIDE (State MINISTRIES Intelligence Agency) **DEFENSE** **K«NT STAFF** **NATIONAL GENDARMERIE** **INTERIOR** **ARMY GENERAt** **S ARGENTINE COAST GUARD** **ECONOMY** **NAVY GENERALL** **ARGENTINE FEDERAL POLICE** **FOREIGN AFFAIRS** **AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF** **FIGURE 11-2** Thus Committee, chaired by the The structure of the Joint Military Minister of Defense, is formed by Intelligence System is based on functional Ministry and by Armed Forces relationships between its members arid representatives. not on a command chain. The Chief of ###### NATIOAL SYSTEM ACTIVITY LEVELS CNI _j_ National Long -and medium- Term Strategic Intelligence. ###### ' ^-"^^ **SIDE** ) Short - Term Strategic Intelligence. **•** **_^_** _•_ --. **(EMCFFAA) Strategic Military Intelligence.** _-^_ ###### -\ **FFAA j** Military Specific Strategic Intelligence. -- -""^ **FFSS ) Specific Security Intelligence.** **FIGURE 11-3** _11 - 101_ ----- _Pan V - Management of Defense_ Intelligence of the Joint Staff coordinates All military intelligence activities address only foreign issues since, the whole system and provides the according to the National Defense Act, guidelines required to obtain and produce such matters related to domestic policies _military strategic intelligence only, i.e._ of the country cannot be considered -in information on specifically military and whatsoever manner- as conflict hypothesis Defense matters. or scenarios for any military intelligence agency. From the organizational point of Finally; it is important to note that all view, every Service intelligence intelligence activities, including those in organization reports to its respective the military are under the permanent Chief of Staff and its personnel and oversight and supervision of the National budget come from its own Service. Congress Committee set up to that end. **PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA** **JOINT MILITARY** **••••! _11 - 102_ ----- Part V - Management of Defense ###### CHAPTER 12 he previous chapter included - Planning, managing and executing several references to the research and development activities of Ministry of Defense. To clarify interest for Defense. its functions, we will now proceed to a - Developing the policy and plans for detailed description of this Ministry's role national mobilization, including the as the political head of the National reserves. Defense area, entrusted to it by the - Coordinating aspects common to all ###### President of the Nation, whom it assists in Armed Forces. all matters related to this area of - Managing the joint organizations that government and in the relationship with report to it. the Armed Forces. - Proposing the number of personnel from the Services as well as their distribution and, on a yearly basis, ###### 1. Main Functions their promotions. . Administering military justice and The Ministry is responsible for, or discipline through its relevant courts. participates in, the following areas: - Coordinating the execution of Antarctic activities. ###### . Setting its objectives and policies and • Determining joint military planning executing plans, programs and projects requirements. developed in accordance with the . Developing and applying principles guidelines issued by the National and regulations for Armed Forces Executive Branch. operation and employment. ###### . Determining National Defense requirements. **2. Ministry's organization** - Developing the draft budget of the Armed Forces and coordinating and The Ministry of Defense was allocating the relevant budgets. restructured by decree No. 1277 issued ###### . Coordinating logistic activities of the by the National Executive on November Armed Forces. 7, 1996. _12-103_ ----- Part V - Management of Defense Its structure was reorganized by: In another sphere, the Secretary develops and controls the implementation - An adaptation of its functions of research and development objectives, ###### . A consolidation of activities policies and plans for the area, in - The elimination of duplications coordination with national plans in this ###### . The upgrade of the command sector. structure ###### . The elimination of one Secretariat, One of his objectives is to promote one Under-Secretariat and six General jointness in his area of competence, and to Directorates, and personnel, reduction ###### coordinate this activity with other units by 30%. under his responsibility. ###### The reduction in expenses resulting He also participates in inter- from these changes, the transfer of the ministerial actions related to the license ###### Ministry's headquarters and the Joint for arms exports and the resolution of Staff to the Libertador Building discrepancies regarding sensitive material. ###### (headquarters of the Army General Staff) in 1997, and the funds derived from the In addition, he coordinates disposition of real estate, generated organizations that administer military resources which were allocated to the justice and discipline and sports activities ###### modernization of the military. for the Armed Forces personnel. The following Secretaries and ###### The following units report to this Undersecretaries report to the Ministry. Secretary: These units carry out the functions described below and their organizational ###### . The Under-Secretary for Policy and features are shown in Figure 12-1. _Strategy: This is the branch_ supporting the Secretary for Military ###### Secretary for Military Affairs Affairs. The Policy and Logistics This Secretary is the Vice-Minister General Directorates, the Armed and his main functions are to conduct the Forces Scientific and Technical Joint Military Planning, propose national Institute (CITEFA) and the National Defense and Armed Forces' general Antarctic Directorate (D.N.A.) report management policies, develop logistics, National Defense education, military to it. education and training policies, and . _Organizations related to military_ provide advice on the Services' justice, national defense education international activities. and military sports. _12-104_ ----- **MINISTRY OF DEFENSE ORGANIZATION** MINISTER OF DEFENSE " I k \l ###### 1 UNDERSECRETARY **SECRETARY FOR** FOR PLANNING AND **MILITARY AFFAIRS** RHORQANI2ATION UNDERSECRETARY UNBIR8ICRITARY UNDERSUBSECRETARY for FOR POLICY FORTfCHNICAL ADMINISTRATION and FINANCE AND STRATEGY COORDINATION `MANAGEMENT` **_ARMED FORCES SUPREME COUNCIL** **GENERAL** **_ARMED FORCES GENERAL** **GENERAL POLICY DIRECTOR** **GENERAL LEGAL AFFAIRS DIRECTOR** **. ADMINISTRATION** **.GENERAL PLANNING** **AUDIT OFFICE** **DIRECTOR** **DIRECTOR** **•PERMANENT WAR COUNCIL** **FOR ARMED FORCES CHIEFS** **AND OFFICERS** **_HH1GH COURT OF ONOR** **-GENERAL LOGISTICS DIRECTOR** **. GENERAL SECRETARY DIRECTOR** **GENERAL HUMAN** **GENERAL REORGANIZATION** **FOR THE ARMED FORCES** **~ RESOURCES DIRECTOR** **COORDINATION DIRECTOR** **-COURT OF HONOR FOR CHIEFS** **AND OFFICERS** 9 **.ARMED FORCES GENERAL** **-CITEFA** **.SUMMARY DIRECTOR** - **PROSECUTOR** ###### Ik™i **— NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION** bo **-ARGENTINE MILITARY SPORTS** **FEDERATION** **.NATIONAL ANTARTIC DIRECTOR** **, NATIONAL WEAPONS REGISTRY** ###### I I DECENTRALIZED FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Military Geographic Institute AGENCIES INSTITUTE for MILITARY RETIREMENT and PENSION **FIGURE 12-1** ----- _Part V - Management of Defense_ ###### Secretary for Planning and Under-Secretary for Technical Reorganization Coordination This Secretary centralizes, Because of the nature of his coordinates and controls National activities, this under-secretary reports Defense budgetary requirements. directly to the Minister, and carries out ###### administrative documentation It is involved in the reorganization dispatching, follow up and filing activities. of the Armed Forces and promotes jointness in terms of personnel, accounting, budget, health care and other He also coordinates the legal office areas. and participates in all law and regulation's drafting activities related to ###### It also coordinates the economic, the sector. financial, human, organizational, IT and administrative resources, with the aim of ###### On the other hand, he provides strengthening the institutional and advice on the legality of administrative operating capabilities of the Ministry and ###### acts, carries out their institutional defense the Armed Forces. and files disciplinary administrative It is involved in restructuring and proceedings. deregulation policies, and promotes the transfer of this sector's companies, Lastly, he supervises the national organizations and assets. weapons register (RENAR) as provided for in the National Weapons and Finally, it ensures financing for Explosives Act No. 20429. research and development plans in the Defense area and promotes their management control. The General Legal Affairs ###### Directorate, General Secretary and The following units report to this Summary Directorates act within the Secretary: sphere of this Under-Secretary. ###### . The Under-Secretary for Other organizations **_Administrative and Financial_** The following are some of the **_Management. The Administration and_** Human Resources General decentralized organizations under the Directorates report to this Under- Ministry of Defense: secretary. ###### . The General Planning Directorate . The Military Geographic Institute . The General Reorganization _(I.G.M.): Act No. 22963 and its_ **_Coordination Directorate._** amending act No. 24943 establish the _12-106_ ----- _Chapter 12 - The Ministry of Defense_ mission of the I.G.M., which is to **3. Ministry Personnel** develop basic official maps and to Unlike other countries where the keep them permanently updated. It is defense ministry's staff combines civilian also in charge of supervising and and military personnel in active duty who approving all publications circulating fill different hierarchical positions, the within the country where all or part of organization chart of the Ministry of the territory of the Argentine Republic Defense does not contemplate any is described or represented. positions for military personnel in such category. ###### . The Financial Assistance Institute for The personnel base is mostly _Military Retirement and Pensions_ civilian, while professional military advice _(I.A.F.) is in charge of paying all_ is permanently provided by the Joint military retirement and pension Staff of the Armed Forces, which in turn benefits (see Chapter 20). assists the various areas of the Ministry both horizontally and directly. Finally, the Internal Audit Unit _(UAI) examines and evaluates all the_ Though some positions are filled matters related to the Ministry's by retired military personnel, their activities, exercising comprehensive and presence is considered as individuals and is based only on political reasons or on integrated controls based on economy, their personal skills. efficiency and effectiveness criteria. ###### 12-107 ----- Part V - Management of Defense ###### CHAPTER 13 l.Role • Developing joint military planning activities - Controlling the operational strategic ###### ^~ni he political vision of the need planning _f x^y_ for integrated actions on the - Developing a joint military doctrine part of the Armed Forces was ###### . Ensuring the efficiency of joint military conceived some decades ago. actions ###### . Conducting joint military training In 1949, presidential decree No. activities 1775 created the Coordination Staff, After the new frame law on which at the time reported to the reorganization, the role of this President of the Nation. organization as regards logistical issues has been enhanced through the The Ministry Act enacted in 1958 assignment of the following new transferred the Coordination Staff to the responsibilities: Ministry of Defense. Later, in 1966, it was reorganized into the Joint Staff (Act . Assist and advise the Minister of No. 16970) and in 1969, through Decree Defense on the suitability and acceptability of equipment envisaged No. 739, its name was changed to the in the joint military planning. current denomination of Joint Staff of the ###### . Advise on matters involving urgent Armed Forces. equipment requirements proposed by the Armed Forces according to their ###### Main Functions suitability and consistency with joint According to the National Defense Act, planning requirements. the basic role of the Joint Staff is to assist . Coordinate the tasks undertaken as a _and advise the Minister of Defense as_ result of the Military Instrument's reorganization whenever it is required _regards militajy strategy, and participate_ to develop or integrate joint actions. in the following issues: _13 -109_ ----- _Part V Management ofDefense_ The guidelines for the Joint Staff functions are established by the President directly or through the Ministry of Defense. ###### 2. Organizational structure In August 1997, the Minister of Defense, with the approval of the President and exercising his legal powers, adopted the political decision to modify the organization of the Joint Staff. This was done under Resolution No. 1087/97, in order to enhance the reorganization of the Armed Forces following the Government Reform and Modernization process established by Executive Decree No. 558/96. As a result of the structural modernization, the Joint Staff's _Air Force Chinook Helicopter moving a 155mm_ operation was optimized according to its _Annj/ cannon during joint exercises._ mission and main functions. Administrative tasks became more efficient and were redefined, and a personnel reduction of 37% was achieved. A schematic description of the Joint Staff organization is shown in Figure 13-1, including the number of personnel assigned to it. Such personnel _An Argentine Air Force aircraft fires over the position of a_ comes from the three Armed Forces in _"TADIRAN" Amy multi-channel communications equipment_ an even proportion, so as to promote _as part of the joint training carried out in the field._ jointness in all functions and tasks. _13- 110_ ----- **ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES JOINT STAFF** **JOINT CHIEF OF STAFF** **JEZ33-** - FOREIGN POLICIES **DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE** - SPECIAL POLICIES **JOINT STAFF** PERSONNEL - LIAISON WITH THE ARGENTINE PARLIAMENT Generals 2 STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTER Admirals 2 Brigadiers 2 Staff Officers 25 Chiefs and Officers 54 EDUCATION AND HUMAN u NCO's 136 INTELLIGENCE ' TRAINING RESOURCES sr PLANSAND MATERIAL Volunteer Force 16 »-* ' ORGANIZATION RESOURCES - COUNTER - INTELLIGENCE CO Civilian Personnel 36 ADMINISTRATION L - OPERATIONS AND BUDGET FOREIGN AFFAIRS TOTAL 273 - DOCTRINE REFERENCES: 1 - Stars refer to General's rank or equivalent positions. 2 - Reporting to Chiefs or Directors are the Departments leaded by Colonels or equivalent officials. **FIGURE 13-1** 3" ----- Part V- Management of the Defense ###### 3. Jointness Based on the Argentine defensive and deterrent strategy, jointness is Although the word "joint" was developed between the Army, the Navy known to the Armed Forces a long time and the Air Force. Although each has its ago, the concept of "jointness" had not own resources to comply with its specific been applied thoroughly for long. functions, jointness reinforces their capabilities and strengthens their power, It was only after the bitter flexibility, mobility and speed, thus experience of the Malvinas Islands enhancing their operational level as a conflict of 1982 that the need to whole. coordinate, harmonize and integrate ground, naval and air forces was Experience - especially in recognized. Since then, the criterion of Peacekeeping Operations such as in jointness began to prevail and joint Cyprus - indicates that objectives have exercises were increased as well as the best been met when acting jointly. responsibilities of the Joint Staff of the Moreover, the control of these operations, Armed Forces. once the forces have left the country, is The new duties conferred by the the responsibility of the foint Staff. A Reorganization Act to the Joint Staff tend similar concept is applied in the case of to emphasize this trend. The Act Strategic Areas, which arise from Joint emphasizes the concept of "jointness" in Military Planning and report the Joint different areas. Staff in terms of planning and training. It is important to mention that the concept of the Argentine Joint Staff is that of a "coordinator" and that the General Staffs of the Armed Forces do not report to it but to the President through the Minister of Defense. This approach leaves the Armed Forces sufficient freedom to carry out their specific training, while ensuring political leadership control over military _An Army M-l 13 is loaded into the_ _hold of a Navy transport vessel._ operations. _13- 112_ ----- _Chapter 13 - The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces_ _Construction of a tactical bridge by Army Engineers while an_ _Air Force aircraft simulates an air attack._ ###### Jointness guiding principles Unified command Jointness is based on an attitude **_Maximum integration of available_** **_forces_** involving organizations and persons and, **_Synergetic use of all capabilities_** in practice, based on the following **_Mutual support_** concepts: **_Shared doctrine_** !*••••• _13- 113_ ----- ###### PART VI ----- Part V7 - The Military Instrument ###### CHAPTER 14 wrnu _(7_ —^ he wide geographical spaces **_Brigades are based on the weapon_** ###### rr^/ characterizing the Argentine system involved. The member units \^,S territory have historically complement each other's functions and exercised a special influence on the thus provide operational autonomy. development of the ground forces, a factor especially emphasized by the This means that a Brigade is the topographical and climatic diversity of the smallest unit ready for independent country. combat, based on the interaction of its components. This feature demands In addition, a new demand has particular efforts in ground training. arisen for the international presence of the force, based on the country's involvement There are different types of in different types of peacekeeping Brigades: operations. ###### . Armored Brigades, formed on the basis of three Armored Cavalry Regiments ###### 1. Organization and deployment and one Mechanized Infantry Regiment, in addition to the pertinent The Army's main operational fire, combat and logistic supporting structure is based on Army Corps (Large resources. Its vehicles are designed for Battle Units) formed by Brigades (Large combat against armored units. Combat Units). **. Mechanized Brigades, formed by two** Mechanized Infantry Regiments and This core organization is one Tank Cavalry Regiment, in complemented by a School Brigade addition to the pertinent fire, combat reporting to a Military Schools and logistic supporting resources. **_Command._** These Brigades are provided with different types of armored track The Army structure also comprises vehicles, suitable for infantry combat, the Buenos Aires Military Garrison and land exploration and combat against the Army Air Command. tanks. _14-117_ ----- Part VI - The Military Instrument **_Mountain and Forest Brigades formed_** resources, even the heaviest ones, which by two or more Infantry arid made them less speedy and mobile. Mountain or Forest Cavalry Instead, the present Logistics Support Regiments, in addition to the **_Bases only send out a small portion of_** pertinent fire, combat and logistic their resources (all of them being light in supporting resources. The units nature) and remain in place to support forming these Brigades are equipped the Brigades operating in the area, acting with light equipment easy to transport on the basis of geographical criteria. by horse and mule, in the case of Mountain Brigades. To support Argentine **_Airborne Brigade, whose structure is_** commitments towards world peace, the Army and its counterparts in other based on two Parachute Regiments, in addition to the pertinent, fire, combat nations have joined the Multinational and logistic supporting resources. Fast Deployment Brigade iSHlRBRIG) Their material and equipment is that will operate under the UN. A light designed to be transported, landed reconnaissance sub-unit was organized for and eventually launched from aircraft this purpose. during flight. /Ml its members are capable of parachuting directly into With the aim of providing the the area where military operations are desired excellence in Service members' to be carried out. education and training, the School Recently, the Arm}- created an Air **_Assault Battalion_** capable of displacing part of its resources with its own helicopters. The Army has reorganized its logistics structure, previously based on Logistical Battalions that had to accompany the movements of the _Groups of "PALMARIA" Army vehicles, executing fii\-support_ Brigades with all their _for the maneuver._ _14- 118_ ----- ----- Part V7 - The Military Instrument **CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY** **CHIEF OF** **ARMY** **GENERAL** **STAFF** Deputy-Chief General Staff III Operations Systems, Comm Recruitment nformation \lohi!i/.;ition Dirfctoratt Directorate V Army Corps X Army Bs. As. III Education Mechanized Aviation Military Brigade Command Garrison Command **FIGURE 14-1** _14-120_ ----- _Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army_ Brigade was organized in 1991. This This has resulted in smaller, more School is formed by all schools of the flexible and mobile units, with improved various Services. operational capabilities. The above changes were Unit concentration has allowed accompanied by a series of measures optimizing both the operations and the aimed at reorganizing the Regiments, administration of the Service. An example is the reduction of the number of Combat Support Battalions and other organizations and units from 287 to 144 organizations, in order to adjust them to during the period 1983-1998. the Volunteer Service requirements, to group training needs and to the The Combined Weapons Elements rationalization of the administrative (EAC) organization started in late 1997 structures. ^ _Effective launching by an Army "PAMPERO" Multiple Launcher._ _14- 121_ ----- _Pan VI- The Military Instrument_ **CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY** **Army Corps Level** "V ^1 XXX ###### Liull*- **CORDOBA** **BUENOS AIRES** MILITARY INSTITUTES COMMAND **REPCBLICA** **ARGENTINA** **XXX** **BAHiA BLANCA[22]*** ###### 1 :i ,5 r » ###### 1 **FIGURE 14-2** _14-122_ ----- _Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army_ with the creation of Detachments on the basis of an Infantry Regiment, an Artillery Group and an Exploration Section. The Executive recently approved the creation of the Combined Weapons Detachment "San Julian", in the province of Santa Cruz. Studies to organize new EAC on the basis of _Fire position of an "OTO MELARA" 105 mm caliber artillery piece_ existing organizations _during exercises in the Argentine forest._ continue. ###### . Combat support, a responsibility of Figure 14-1 shows the organization the Engineers and Communications chart of the Armv'sj senior level and Branches together with Intelligence structure, while figures 14-2 and 14-3 and Army Aviation organizations. show its territorial deployment. . Logistical support, a function basically performed by Combat Support Services. ###### 2. Equipment and assets In this sense, many direct action organizations are basically equipped with Tactical units are provided with various types of military equipment, different types of mechanized and which allow them to perform their armored vehicles, personnel transport functions in modern combat fields. Some vehicles and various helicopters and aircraft which operate in close contact examples are: with ground units. Combat organizations designed to operate in the mountains and ###### . Close combat, an activity performed forests are equipped with light materials, by Infantry and Cavalry the same as airborne units. organizations. ###### . Fire support, performed by the various With regard to Fire Support types of Artillery units. resources, they are incorporated into the ###### 14-123 ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ **CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY** **Brigade Level** XII **POSADAS** ``` x SANTA ROSA ``` **II** PARANA ###### \ `NEUQUEN` **REPUBLIC A** **ARGENTINA** GUAR. MIL. **MAT* POUT ICO** BS. AS. TANDIL CAMPO DE MAYO - iix f 'OMODORO UVADAVIA ?..„ **REFERENCES** ``` RIO GALLEGOS ``` **FIGURE14-3** _14- 124_ ----- _Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army_ Campaign Artillery or Air Defense belong to the so-called TAM (Argentine organizations. Medium-sized Tank) category. Reconnaissance aircraft and helicopters As regards the materials provided have also been incorporated. to the combat support organizations, they are designed to facilitate the movements Following the same plan, the units of the Service's own resources in the have been equipped with modern battlefield and restrict the movements of portable ordnance and individual the adversary, and allow operational equipment, different types of surveillance control and command through the use of radars, and optical and communications last-generation technologies. material. With respect to Combat Support As regards education and training, Service Units, thevs have the materials different simulators were incorporated and required to perform material supply and modern equipment being developed in the maintenance functions, as well as medical country will also be added. A Training functions. Center as also created to train and test combat resources in the field with material In order to provide or recover for and equipment similar to those normally service a large part of the materials used. detailed above, the Army has undertaken a plan aimed at recovering and incorporating material meeting current requirements and suited to the new organization. Some measures adopted were the mechanization process and the increase of Infantry firepower as well as the increase of Cavalry combat power. As a function of the above, mechanized combat vehicles, tanks, armored Artillery vehicles, mortal- carriers, and other units have been incorporated, all of which _Personnel Transport Combat Vehicle (TAM) crossing a river._ _14-125_ ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ **EQUIPMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY** ###### Basic Combat TYPE MODEL QUANTITY Tanks TAM 230 AMX 13 56 SK 105 I I S SHERMAN 70 Combat Vehicles Semitrack 126 TAM (VCTP - VCTM - 160 VCPC) 323 VCTPM 113 30 AMX (VCTP - VCDT - VCPC) Exploration Vehicles PANHARD 48 MOWAG 47 GLOVER 9 ( 1 ) ###### Fire Support Armored artillery 155 mm AMX cannon 24 155 mm VGA - TAM cannon 17 Medium artillery 155 mm cannon 109 Light artillery 105 mm Howitzer 70 Heavy Mortars 120mm 360 Anti-aircraft Artillery 40 mm cannon 76 30 mm cannon 21 Self-propelled projectile 2 groups ###### Air Exploration and OVIDMOHAWK 23 Reconnaissance Attack Helicopters A 109 AUGUSTA 5 General Purpose FIAT G 222/TWIN 18 Aircraft OTTER/MERLIN/CASA 212 General Purpose AUGUSTA/UHIH/UH 27 Helicopters 205 ) = Purchased from Great Britain in 1997; currently serving in the Cyprus peace mission - UNFICYP **TABLE 14-4** _14-126_ ----- _Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army_ The main equipment of the Army in-depth conceptual transformation of the can be seen in Table 1 4-4. model that prevailed during the last few decades. ###### 3. Personnel This new scheme, called Plan ###### 2000, completed its experimental phase in Table 14-5 shows the approximate 1997 and at present is in its general personnel currently serving in the Army. implementation phase. It is scheduled for completion in 2003. The main Academies and Institutes where the different personnel Thus, the Army has reorganized its groups are trained are the following: the resources on the basis of two large groups Army Higher Education Institute, the engaged in different activities: National Military Academy, the Army Command and Staff College; Technical Higher School; NCO Academy "Sargento Cabral" and the "General Lemos" NCO Academy for Combat Support Services. All these organizations report to the Military Schools Command. Officers 5,300 NoiYcommissiones ###### 20,600 officers Volunter troops 15,500 TOTAL 41,400 **TABLE 14-5** ###### 4. Development concept _Woman Anny Non-Commissioned_ _Officer_ In parallel, the Army has _wearing desert clothing and armed with_ modernized its organization through an _a 7.62 mm PAL gun._ _14-127_ ----- Parr V7 The Military Instrument The second group is called Variable Use Forces and is organized and equipped so as to allow the Army to carry out its functions within and outside the national territory. Because of their versatility, autonomy and location these Forces allow the country to be ready to give the necessary, adequate _UH IH "BELL" helicopter lifting a light vehicle during exercise cat tied_ _out by the Army's Air Assault Detachment._ and sustained response in th various scenarios where the The first one is a set of military interests of the .Argentine Republic are a units geographically distributed stake. throughout the country, and operates in the areas of the national territory where Variable Use Forces are located in they are located. They are called Regional central regions of the national territory, _Use Forces._ are provided with significant combat power and are able to move quickly to These Forces are organized, places where contingencies requiring thei equipped and trained to act in the various presence arise. geographical regions of the country (mountains, desert, high plateau, forest, Some of their main functions etc.) in the cases mentioned above, and include the capability to move outside tl they assist neighboring communities country to comply with Argentina's struck bv natural disasters. international commitments. I« *•••! ----- Part VI - The Military Instrument ###### CHAPTER 15 **_<7_** —,U| he protection of Argentina's **Readiness Commands manage** ###### p^}/ interests over the sea zones and prepare the forces and units assigned, V^^/ located next to its coasts or which are formed by ships, submarines, beyond them, whether acting jointly with aircraft and Marine Corps units, other countries or independently, requires according to the Navy's plans and policies. Their objective is to provide and a wide range of military capabilities. sustain adequate and timely resources required for Naval Operations Training The dimension of the areas and the execution of the Naval involved and the requirement of naval Operations performed by the Navy. forces to perform those functions are significant and the resources are always These Commands are: proportionally scarce. **. The Surface Fleet Command, located** The geography and the maritime at Puerto Belgrano. In turn, this and fluvial interests that Argentina needs Command comprises: to defend form the basis to design a desirable Navy; resources and smartness **• A Destroyer Division for anti-** will determine the actual Navy. surface and anti-submarine operations and anti-missile defense. ###### 1. Organization and deployment **. Two Corvette Divisions for anti-** submarine defense, sea control, Figures 15-1 and 15-2 show the ecology and electronic warfare. current organization and deployment of **. An Amphibious Naval Command** the Navy. responsible for planning and executing amphibious operations The operational organization of and air defense tasks. the Service is based on two concepts: the **_Readiness Commands and the Naval_** **. The Submarine Force Command, based** **_Areas, both reporting to the Naval_** in Mar del Plata, comprises the following: **_Operations Command._** _15- 129_ ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ **CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY** ###### CHIEF OF NAVY DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVY SECRETARY **GENERAL STAFF** STAFF OF THE NAVY GENERAL GENERAL MATERIAL GENERAL STAFF NAVIGATION DIRECTORATE DIRECTORATE ADMINISTRATIVE ``` COURT GENERAL PERSONNEL ``` `DIRECTORATE` CHIEFS OF: - POLICY & STRATE< SOUTH ATLANTIC SEA AREA NAVAL EDUCATION - PROGRAMS & & TRAINING DIRECTORATE BUDGETS COORDINATION - NAVY'S ACADEMIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INSTITUTES SERVICE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE NAVAL OPERATIONS NAVAL OPERATING COMMAND CONTROLLER Sea Fleet Submarine Naval Aviation Marine Corps - Weaponry & Electronic Command Force Command Command Warfare - Communications - Rescue & Chemical- Biological Nuclear - Search & Rescue Antartic - Fishing Affairs Austral Naval Area Naval Area Naval Shipping Traffic Command **FIGURE 15 -1** _15 - 130_ ----- _Fleet main units operating in the Southwestern Atlantic._ ----- the Almirante Zar Air Naval Ba; provided with Exploration and J Surveillance Squadrons, Electroi Surveillance and Mobile Logistii Support. _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ - Submarine Units with anti-surface Base. It concentrates combat an and anti-submarine capability, anti-submarine aircraft forming capable of carrying Tactical Divers Fleet's Air Naval Group. (Seals) and Amphibious _Air Naval Force No. 3, based at_ Commands the Almirante Zar Air Naval Ba; ###### . Tactical Divers Group (Seals) provided with Exploration and J ###### . Submarine Search and Rescue Surveillance Squadrons, Electroi _Groups_ Surveillance and Mobile Logistii ###### . The Mar del Plata Naval Base, Support. providing logistical support to the The Naval Air Training Submarine Force. _Command and the Naval Aviati_ The Air Naval Command, based at _School based at the Punta Indio_ Puerto Belgrano. The following Naval Air Base; the Advanced organizations report to this command: Training and Attack Squadron a ###### . Air Naval Force No. 2, based at the Aerophotographical Group the Comandante Espora Air Naval report to this organization. _Super Etendard SUE Navy fighter launching an "Exocet" missile._ _15 - 132_ ----- _Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy_ **CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY** **MAIN OPERATIONAL COMMANDS** ###### " PUNTA INDIO MR NAVAL EDUCATION] ###### K X & TRAINING i MAR DEL PLATA **REPUBLIC A** SUBMARINE FORCE j if SEA FLEET MARINE **ARGENTINA** **CORPS FORCE** **MAT* fOUTICO OMCMU** ###### It Rin r.Ai.LF.r.os AUSTRAL MARINE CORPS FORCE RIO GRANDE **FIGURE 15 - 2** _15 - 133_ ----- Part V7 - The Military Instrument The Marine Corps Command, based at **•** **_Marine Corps Battalion No. 3 will_** Puerto Belgrano, has subordinate be based at Zarate, to perform multipurpose forces that were recently fluvial and coast operations. reorganized and that are in process of modernization. It is formed by: **•** **The Baterias Marine Corps Base,** which provides logistical support **• The Surface Fleet Marine Corps** to the Fleet Marine Corps Force **_Force, based at Baterias_** and to the Marine Corps Battalion Headquaters. It carries out No. 3. amphibious tasks and is integrated by: On the other hand, Naval Areas The Marine Corps Battalion are responsible for providing logistical No. 2. support, through their bases, to The Command and Logistical operational units based in their Support Battalion jurisdiction or to units of any task The Amphibious Vehicle organization carrying Out operations in Battalion their area of responsibility. The Campaign Artillery Battalion No. 1 Some of them have permanently The Air Defense Battalion assigned resources that are appropriate for The Group of Amphibious the area, such as fast boats, patrol boats, Commandos mine hunters and patrol ships, but when specific situations come up within a given **.** **The Southern Marine Corps Force,** Area, other operational units are assigned based at the cities of Rio Gallegos accordingly. and Rio Grande, which operates in cold areas and on the particular In addition, each Naval Area has terrain of that region. Its function different responsibilities in accordance is to contribute to sea control. It is with the specific areas where they exercise formed by: their jurisdiction. The Marine Corps Battalion On the other hand, the No. 4 Operational Analysis, Weapons and The Marine Corps Battalion No. 5 Electronic Warfare, Communications, The Rio Gallegos Naval Rescue and QBN Defense, Fishery Issues Detachment and Search and Rescue Services provide The Rio Grande Naval specialized complementary activities in Detachment essential operations performing areas. ###### 15- 134 ----- _Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy_ In particular, through the National _Sea SAR Agency the Navy exercises its_ legal powers as provided for in Act 22445 as regards safeguarding human life at sea according to the international commitments undertaken by the country under the Hamburg Treaty in the frame of the International Maritime Organization _(IMO)._ ###### Other organizations . South Atlantic Maritime Area Coordinator The South Atlantic Maritime Area _(AMAS) was created by a_ recommendation of the Inter American Committee for Sea Traffic Defense at a meeting held in Buenos _Lighthouse - shipping safety support provided Ity the_ _Naval Hydrography Service._ Aires in 1965. This area comprises the seacoasts of Brazil, Uruguay and « Naval Hydrography Service Argentina. The members of this organization are Argentina, Brazil, Act No. 19922 is the instrument Paraguay and Uruguay. establishing the mission and functions of this Service, whose mandate is to _AMAS is represented by a coordinator_ _"provide nautical security to the_ that becomes the Area Commander in _Nation". To this effect, the Service_ maintains its assistance systems wartime. The first South Atlantic updated in accordance with _Maritime Area Coordinator (CAMAS)_ technological advances in the area and was formally designated in Buenos with the international agreements Aires in August 1967. In peacetime, signed by the country. the Camas's functions are performed on a rotating basis by Argentina, Its main duties are the following: Brazil and Uruguay. publish conventional and special _15 - 135_ ----- **.** **The Air Naval Training Command ha** 10 Turbo Mentor (T-34 C) aircraft, 8 Macchi (MC-32) aircraft, 2 Beechcraf (B-200F) aircraft, and 1 Porter (PL6A) aircraft. **. Air Naval Force No. 2 has 5 Turbo** Tracker (S-2T) aircraft, 5 Sikorsky (SH-3) helicopters, 2 Augusta (PH-3) helicopters, 11 Super Etendard (SUE) aircraft, 5 Alouette III (AI-O3) helicopters, and 4 Fennec (AS-555) helicopters. **. Air Naval Force No. 3 has 4 Orion (P-** _Part V7 - The Military Instrument_ nautical charts, including river **Submarines:** sketches; publications such as **.** **The Submarine Force has two TR** navigation charts, lists of lighthouses 1 700 submarines, one IKL 209 and signals; tide tables and nautical submarine and a rescue ship. almanacs; warnings to mariners; radio **Air Naval Force:** warning service; tide forecasts; sea **.** **The Air Naval Training Command ha** beacons and the official time. 10 Turbo Mentor (T-34 C) aircraft, 8 Macchi (MC-32) aircraft, 2 Beechcraf ###### 2. Equipment and assets (B-200F) aircraft, and 1 Porter (PL- 6A) aircraft. The equipment of the Naw is **. Air Naval Force No. 2 has 5 Turbo** detailed in Table 15-3. Tracker (S-2T) aircraft, 5 Sikorsky (SH-3) helicopters, 2 Augusta (PH-3) ###### Surface: helicopters, 11 Super Etendard (SUE) Four ship divisions form the aircraft, 5 Alouette III (AI-O3) Surface Fleet, which is organized by ship helicopters, and 4 Fennec (AS-555) types to facilitate training and helicopters. maintenance control. **. Air Naval Force No. 3 has 4 Orion (P-** 3B) aircraft, 3 Fokker (F-28) aircraft, **.** **The Amphibious Naval Command has** Electra (L-188W) aircraft, and 5 two T-42 destroyers, one transport Beechcraft (BE-200 M/G) aircraft. ship, general support ships and a Naval Beach Detachment (Sea Bees). **. The First Corvette Division** **_Command has three A-69_** corvettes. **. The Second Corvette Division** has four MEKO 140 corvettes. **. The Second Destroyer Division** has four MEKO 360 destroyers. ###### . Support ships: Logistical, oceanographic, hydrography and patrol ships. _Marine Corps troops disembarking from an amphibious vehicle._ _15 - 136_ ----- _Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy_ **EQUIPMENT OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY** _^[7]AVY_ PURPOSE TYPE CLASS QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED ###### Combat Destroyers T42 2 Meko 360 4 Corvettes A 69 3 Meko 140 4 2 Submarines TR 1700 2 209 1 ###### Patrol Avisos ATF Cherokee 3 ATA Sotoyomo 1 Marsea 1 Patrol craft 2 Fast craft Liirsen 148 2 Fast patrol craft Dabur 4 ###### Logistics Transport Costa Sur 3 Tank 3 ###### Training Rigged Frigate 1 _Research_ Oeeanoaraphic ship 1 Beacon ship Red 1 1 Hvdrographic ship 1 Hvdrographic craft 2 _Mine Warfare_ Mine hunter Ton 2 _Polar_ Icebreaker Varsillia 1 **TABLE 15-3** _15_ _137_ ----- _Part. VI - The Military Instrument_ PURPOSE TYPE CLASS QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATE! **_Others_** Floating dock 1 Harbor tugs 12 **_NAVAL AIR OPERATIONS_** PURPOSE TYPE QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED Basic training T-34C 10 Attack SUE 11 Advanced training and attack MC-32 8 Exploration and Surveillance P-3B 2 2 L-188W 1 BE-200 M/G 5 Transports (log. Supp.) F-28 3 Anti-submarine S-2T 5 Helicopters SH3 5 PH3 2 AI-03 5 AS-555 4 UH-IH 8 Photography B-200F 2 PL-6A 1 **_MARINE CORPS_** TYPE MODEL QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED Amphibious vehicles LVTP-7-A1 21 LARC-5 13 Exploration vehicles PANHARD 36 Multipurpose vehicles HAMMER 3 137 Field artillery 1 55 mm-NA howitzer 4 MOR 1 20 1 2 1 05 mm-NA howitzer 6 105 howitzer CN 105 6 Ottomelara 12 Anti-aircraft defense CN 40L HS 12 MS RBS-70 6 **TABLE 15-3** _15 - 138_ ----- _Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy_ The education and training of the various groups is carried out in the Schools and Institutes reporting to the Naval Education and Training Directorate. Some of them are the Naval University Institute, the Naval Academy, the Naval Command and Staff College, the Navy Officers Academy, the Navy Non- Commissioned Officers Academy and the Marine Corps Academy. _IKL 209 submarine cruising along the coasts_ **4. Development concept** _of Tierra del Fuego._ It is difficult to design an ###### Marine Corps: The Marine Corps either has intermediate NavyJ such as that of the Argentine Republic, especially because of incorporated individual equipment and the size of the geographical scenario. As it ordnance to operate in any type of cannot be prepared for everything, it is environment, or is close to doing so. It is necessary to assign priorities to the provided with short and medium range resources selected. anti-tank material and the support material (guns) required for artillery fire It would be wrong to define our support, particularly suited to amphibious naval forces by proportionally reducing and coast operations. In addition to its the large models existing in the world. communications equipment it is incorporating resources that meet C3 12 requirements. It also has the ground Officers 2,300 displacement resources required for Non-commissioned officers 13,400 amphibious operations. Volunteer Troops 1,500 TOTAL 17,200 ###### 3. Personnel **TABLE 15-4** Table 15-4 shows the approximate personnel currently serving in the Navy. _15 - 139_ ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ The nearly certain consequence would not provide the required deterrent would be a Service inadequate for its capability. strategic purposes, in addition to probable technical inconsistencies. The involvement in international naval blockade or maritime interdiction The size of the main mission operations such as those of the Gulf War assigned and the vast maritime spaces and Haiti implies the need for long- encompassing the Argentine jurisdiction distance projection capability. and area of interest where the Navy must exercise Control over the Sea and Force No naval resource, whether **_Projection lead us to consider that this_** ground, submarine, air or marines, can by _Navy should have the characteristics of an_ itself satisfy all the requirements which **_oceanic navy._** the Navy is called upon to meet. All these resources have their own characteristics With this oceanic profile, the Navy which, when combined, optimize their will be able to exercise the following strengths and mitigate their weaknesses. functions: The adequate combination of **•** **_Defense in Depth_** systems with different but complementary **_• Presence in the sea_** capabilities creates a multiplier effect. The **• Projection capability** removal of a part of that force can affect overall capability. While individual This means that the core of the platforms can be oriented towards the operational forces should be able to performance of specific tasks, the whole separate itself from land-based logistics must form a balanced naval force, which facilities and carry out its operations with should provide the following main the resources on board. capabilities: Logistical autonomy optimizes ###### . C3I2 deterrence, because it provides not only ###### . Anti-surface, anti-aircraft and the capability to defend territorial anti-submarine integrity but also facilitates the use of the resources far from the country's territory. - Air naval attack, exploration A navy lacking oceanic characteristics and air defense _15 - 140_ ----- _Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy_ Amphibious, over limited . Air and floating mobile logistics objectives or in coasts with - Other specific and support tasks scarce defenses Submarine attack The modernization undertaken by Coastal defense, based on mining the Argentine Navy is based on these and mine sweepinglumting guidelines. s - ###### f"5_( ^ j an Exocct missile from a MEKO 360 destroyer _15 - 141_ ----- Part VI - The Military Instrument ###### CHAPTER 16 he intangibility of air space **Air Operations Command** and the large dimensions of The mission of the Air Operations Argentine air spaces spreading Command is to plan and conduct training over national jurisdiction land and sea activities for the operational resources areas are the main factors that determine and operational support resources, and to the structure and deployment of the Air execute in due time any airspace Force. operations and special tasks entrusted to it. The essential importance of the Service for efficient jointness also affects To training effects, the Air those aspects, while its mobility and Operations Command has Brigades and redeployment capability make it a natural Air Bases forming Air Groups and/or asset, contributing to the country's Squadrons, as well as Technical Support international project requirements. and Logistical Support Squadrons which allow it to train the personnel to perform the various Airspace Operations and their ###### 1. Organization and deployment respective Operational Tasks and Operational Support Tasks. At present, the Air Force has an organic structure allowing it to comply ###### Personnel Command with all its operational, administrative The main role of the Personnel and logistical obligations and Command relates to personnel education, responsibilities, on the basis of Four training and welfare, and participate in Superior Commands: their training through the various Schools and Institutes **• Air Operations Command** ###### Air Regions Command **• Personnel Command** The basic function of the Air ###### . Air Regions Command Regions Command is to exercise the ###### . Material Command (Logistics) powers provided for in act 17285 _"Aeronautical Code" and its amendments_ **_16-143_** ----- Part VI - The Miittary instrument according to act 21521, "National **Material Command (Logistics)** _Aeronautical Police" and act 12945_ The Material Command provides _"National Meteorology Service". It also_ technical and logistical support for the manages air traffic, communications, Argentine Air Force and its main role is to aircraft and personnel registration and plan and manage the Service's material certification, the promotion of civil logistics. aviation activities, the prevention and investigation of civilian accidents in the Its structure is mainly formed by national territory and jurisdictional the following units: waters and other associated responsibilities, consistent with the **. Rio IV Material Area: Its main** country's international commitments role is to implement major within the frame of the International Civil maintenance work plans and _Aviation Organization (ICAO)._ aviation material research, development, repair and To accomplish its tasks, the Air manufacturing activities. Regions Command has adopted an *** Quilmes Material Area: Its mair** adequate organization to carry out the responsibilities are to repair and specific functions of each of its areas. maintain aircraft, helicopters, Thus, the following organizations report engines, propellers, instruments to this Command: and fittings, electronic equipment, heavy vehicles and ###### . Central Air Region automotive vehicles. ###### . Northwest Air Region **. Palomar Supply Group: This** ###### . Northeast Air Region organization is very important ###### . South Air Region because it receives and delivers a the materials supplied to the Air In addition to the Air Regions Force, from airplane spares which carry out such obligations in their through engines, electronic and respective geographical areas, a group of communication systems, to the Services and Directorates in charge of individual equipment for each specialized tasks also report to this soldier. Command: **• Cordoba Material** **_Administration Group: This_** ###### . National Weather Service group was created after the . National Aeronautical Police **_Directorate_** privatization of the Cordoba **_• Air Traffic Directorate_** Material Area. Its functions are _16-144_ ----- *„^ iW«"";*> **_^_** **_•*_** - *-V *- -c- _"f,_ _' "X'4,^ r_ **«** - "*8 'B-l^ugols • „ tf r^ _f-', ?*'_ **"*** **"** **', -** **.** ,-.. *:. '""' -> ###### Z&,,. -.^-*e~r P;:^'< i^^^f^T^S''4- ' T/tc new A4-AR's first flights in Argentina. ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ **CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE** **CHIEF OF AIR** **FORCE GENERAL** J.I PERSONNEL **STAFF** J. II INTELLIGENCE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE J.lll AIR FORCE PLANNING J.IV LOGISTICS PERSONNEL AIR OPERATIONS MATERIAL AIR REGIONS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND I AIR BRIGADE - RIO CUARTO MATERIAL - NE AIR REGION (TRANSPORT AND SEARCH AREA AND RESCUE) II AIR BRIGADE — • QUILMES MATERIAL AREA - NW AIR REGION (EXPLORATION & RECONNAISANCE) in AIR BRIGADE (TACTICAL — • PALOMAR SUPPLY GROUP - CENTER AIR REGION OPERATIONS) IV AIR BRIGADE - CORDOBA MATERIAL - SOUTH AIR REGION (MOUNTAIN TRAINING & MANAGEMENT SEARCH & RESCUE) GROUP V AIR BRIGADE - WEATHER SERVICE (STRATEGIC, TACTICAL & DEFENSE OPERATIONS) VI AIR BRIGADE - • NATIONAL AERONAUTICAL (STRATEGIC, TACTICAL POLICE DIRECTOR & DEFENSE OPERATIONS) VH AIR BRIGADE - AIR TRAFFIC DIRECTOR (TACTICAL OPERATIONS AND SEARCH & RESCUE) IX AIR BRIGADE (TRANSPORT) MAR DEL PLATA AIR MILITARY BASE (ANTI-CRAFTDEFENSE) RIO GALLEGOS AIR MILITARY BASE AIR SPACE SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL GROUP ELECTRONIC WARFARE GROUP **FIGURE 16-1** _16-146_ ----- Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force achieve its objectives in each of the above operations are the following: **_Strategic Air Operations_** _- Two "DAGGER" airplane_ squadrons - Two A4-AR squadrons - Electronic Warfare and Exploration and Reconnaissance Systems '-•>,- *^£ **_Airspace Defense Operations_** _- One MIRAGE III/EA squadron_ - Missile Weapon Systems **_The Air Force's Mirage IJIfEA interceptor_** - Anti-aircraft Artillery Systems **_filter_** **_aircraft._** - Air Space Surveillance and to control and follow up the Control Group work to be performed for the Service by Lockheed Aircraft **_Tactical Air Operations_** Argentina S.A. _-_ Three IA-58 "PUCARA" squadrons One MS-760 squadron Electronic Warfare Weapon System ###### 2. Equipment and assets Exploration and Reconnaissance Weapon System To carry out its operational Transport Weapon System responsibilities through effects on material Search and Rescue Weapon System targets, the Air Force performs the so- called "air operations" which, according **_Air Transport Operations_** to the aims pursued, can be the following: _-_ One BOEING B-707 squadron - Two HERCULES C-130 squadron 1. Strategic Air Operations - One FOKKER F-28 squadron 2. Airspace Defense Operations - One FOKKER F-27 squadron 3. Tactical Air Operations - One TWIN OTTER DHC-6 squadron 4. Air Transport Operations 5. Special Operations Table 16-4 summarizes the main equipment currently available to the Air The combat and operational support Force and indicates the unit to which they resources employed by the Air Force to are assigned. ###### 16-147 ----- _Part VI - The Military Instrument_ **CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE** **Main Operational Units** RECONQUISTA_ **III AIR BRIGADE** PARANA **II AIR BRIGADE** EL PALOMAR MARIANO MOREN **VII AIR BRIGADE** MERLO **AIRSPACE CONTROL /** **SURVEILLANCE GRO** MAR DEL PLATA **MILITARY AIR BASE** **REPUBLIC A** **ARGENTINA** :OMODORO RIVADAVIA **FIGURE 16-2** _16-148_ ----- _Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Fora_ _Air control and air defense equipment_ _Air Force 20 nun Oerlikon cannon_ _and TP5-43 radar._ _Air Force Bell B-212 helicopter for air SAR and Antarctic activities._ _16-149_ ----- Part VI - The Military Instrument **CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE** **Air Regions and Material Areas** **REPOBLICA** **ARGENTINA** **•unpouneeoncwi** COMODORO RIVADAVIA **FIGURE 16-3** _16-150_ ----- _Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force_ **EQUIPMENT OF THE AIR FORCE** R E S O U R C E S M A T E R I A L N U M B E R U N I T TO BE IN CO RPO R A T E D D efensive M I R A G E III EA 14 VI Air Br _Attack_ M -5 / F/ M -5A 23 V I A i r B r 8 V Air Br 28 A 4 - A R _Fire Support_ P U C A R A IA-58 39 III Air Br _Transport_ B O E I N G - 7 0 7 3 I Air Br 14 I Air Br C-130 4 I Air Br F O K K E R F-28 10 I & IX Air Br F O R K E R F-27 6 IX Air Br TW IN O T T E R 5 II Air Br IA 50 _Search and Rescue_ B E L L - 2 1 2 4 V I I A i r B r 10 VII Air Br U H - I H 17 V II Air Br H U G H E S 369/500 _Strategic an d_ B O E I N G 707 2 I Air Br 3 II Air Br _Tactical_ L E A R J E T 35 A 2 II Air Br _R econnaissance_ IA 50 _Advanced Training_ P A M P A IA-63 14 IV Air Br 10 IV Air Br M S-760 _Primary Training_ T U C A N O E M B - 27 E.A .M . A ir Force 31 2 A cadem y _B a sic Train ing_ M E N T O R B -45 30 E.A.M . A ir Force A cadem y _A ir defense_ R O L A N D 3 B AM -M .D.P. 1 B AM -M .D.P. 35 M M III-IV -V- 86 20 M M V I - I X A i r Br - BAM G A L - B A M M DP _A ir Space_ TPS-43 6 FIELD _Surveillan ce and_ R A D A R S _C ontrol_ **TABLE 16-4** _16-151_ ----- fart V7 - The Military Instrument _Air Force Lear /ft 35[a] reconnaissance aircraft flying in fonnation._ ###### 3. Personnel The main Schools and Institutes reporting to the Personnel Command Table 16-5 shows the approximate where the different personnel groups are personnel currently serving in the Air educated and trained are the following: Force. the Military Air Force Academy; the Air Command and Staff College; the Air Force University Institute; the Non- Commissioned Officers Academy and the **TABLE 16-5** Ezeiza Training School. Officers 2,300 ###### 4. Development concept iNon-Commissioned Officers 9,300 Volunteer Troops 1,500 The adjustment of the Air Force to current requirements is being carried out **TOTAL** **13,200** through a medium and long-term plan based on the concept of rationalization. _16- 152_ ----- _Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force_ The objectives of the plan are to **. The training level and quality,** improve all the operational capabilities according to the technology contributing to the deterrent strategy being incorporated and based on the intensive use of adopted by the Nation. simulators. **. The quality of the personnel** ###### This criterion implies the and of the curriculum. selection of global modernization programs allowing the qualitative Equipment modernization will be enhancement of the institution. based on interoperability and **_multipurpose use criteria._** These programs contemplate an adequate balance between: The permanent strategic deployment will be redefined and the - The need for system resources will be concentrated in relative **_modernization, taking into_** positions allowing the maximum account the age of the utilization of the infrastructure, the present material, as the ###### rationalization of operational and technological aspect is a logistical tasks and the reduction of crucial factor in the operational expenses. It also includes the capability of any Air Force. concept of redeployment air bases. ###### 16-153 ----- ###### PART VII ti> ----- Part VII - Equipment ###### CHAPTER 17 * t the highest level, logistics In brief, at Defense policy level, S~~\ /2/C[ are][ a] P[art] °f Defense Logistics integrate civil and military ^—E 313-11-961 and others._ _20-189_ ----- Part VIII - Human Resources develop in 1997 a review of the military personnel may commit regulations contained in the MCJ. during peacekeeping operations in other countries. The major changes included in ###### . Assistant Attorneys are such proposal are the following: incorporated into Court Martial. ###### . Prosecutors are to be selected from . Incorporation of the regime military judicial entities. contemplating penalties for ###### • The proposal provides for the violations against Armed Conflict possibility to voluntarily select a International Law. defender (who should be a lawyer) - The scope of mandatory obedience from the time a person becomes a is clarified. In brief, this issue may defendant, as well as the not be invoked when the order mandatory selection of such a issued by a senior officer defender when the person must manifestly implies the commission testify at the inquiry. of a felony. - Freedom on parole is incorporated. - In the case of offenses against protected persons and property in The enactment of these armed conflict situations, the amendments as a national law will bring responsibility of the offenses about a significant modernization of the committed by the subordinates, in **_military justice regime. This policy_** certain circumstances, extends to adequately reflects the changes that social the senior officer. and legal evolution has caused in the ###### . Military jurisdiction is limited to national and international context and acts committed by military incorporates the experiences gathered personnel which are included in since 1984. The aim is contributing to the MCJ, regardless of whether strengthen the republican principles as they are included in other penal well as the principles established by legislation. On the other hand, it Human Rights. extends to all the offenses that _20-190_ ----- _Parte VII - Human Resources_ ###### CHAPTER 21 /^•i y 'he modernization of the Defense These factors form the context f V-«v Education System derives from surrounding the change in the educational ^-^ the lessons learned and from systems within the sphere of Defense. combat experiences (such as the South Atlantic conflict), which have influenced the updating of doctrine and of operational and training aspects, among **1. The Defense Education System** ###### other factors. The Education System within the On the other hand, the sphere of Defense is immersed in a process transformation of conflict characteristics of change commensurate with its specific after the Cold War and the appearance of needs and with the necessary correlation new challenges brought about the with the National Education System. In redefinition of the missions entrusted to this sense, the Ministries of Defense and the military instrument as well as a Culture and Education are in close and significant impact on education for permanent contact. Defense. The educational organization of In particular, the Argentine Defense, as regards its functional aspects, involvement in the Gulf War allowed is based on harmonizing the various levels employing new political-strategic and responsible for the different areas, such as operational-technological concepts. This management, planning and execution. It contributed to significant improvements comprises the following: in educational organizations by imposing innovations in all areas —from mental **. National Defense level: It is** attitudes through technical aspects—, concentrated in the Ministry of and made clear the need to educate the Defense, with authority and personnel in the understanding of the responsibility vested from the nature of change, its requirements and its Minister down to General future consequences, in line with the Directors. At this level, specific functions of each Service. particularly in the area of the _21 - 191_ ----- _Pane Vfll - Human Resources_ _Fleet tactical simulator, developed in the county._ Military Affairs Office, there is is the responsible entity in this area. a general relationship with the national authorities in the **Armed Forces specific level:** matter. The National Defense The particular education of College, the highest institution each Service is developed at in Defense subjects in this level according to different Argentina, is also placed at this areas of activity. The specific level. relationship of the Services with the Ministry of Education **Joint level: This level** is present at this level too, for corresponds to all aspects the particular purposes derived related to the joint use of the from the functions and military instrument. The JSAP competencies assignee! to each. _21 - 192_ ----- _Chapter 21 - Defense Education_ **Higher level: The Chiefs of** the Operational Commands of the General Staff are the each Service, which are also maximum authority of the provide valuable evaluation respective education systems, services as regards the courses with the involvement of given in the various schools. different organizations according to the structure of **Institutional Execution: This** each Service. area comprises the Directors of the Schools and Institutes and **Institutional Education** to Unit Commands in a wide **Directorate: Each Service has** sense, who are directly its own organization. Such responsible for training their organizations are basically personnel in accordance with similar. In the Army, education their respective missions. is the responsibility of the Military Schools Command. The Army Higher Education Institute reports to this **2. The National Defense College** Command. In the Navy, responsibility for education lies This institution was created in with the Naval Education and 1950 under the name of National War Training Directorate, whose College, an appropriate name given the Director is, in turn, the dean of concepts in force at the time. Its objective the Naval University Institute, and in the Air Force, the organization in charge is the Personnel Command, with the Aviation University Institute reporting to it. These higher education institutions have been certified by resolutions of the Education Ministry. ###### Operational Training: Mentor-B45 aircraft used for basic training during the Air Force's This area corresponds to _military pilot course._ _21- 193_ ----- ###### . The annual development of its regular academic activities, among which special mention should be made of the National Defense Senior Course, as well as many special courses. ###### . Conference cycles on Defense related subjects, held in different regions of the country. _Porte VIII - Human Resources_ interdisciplinary teaching and develops political-strategic, economic, social- cultural, military and scientific- technological studies and research on the national and international situation, within a frame of integration between civilian leaders from the public and private sectors and Service members. In both cases, professionals and military personnel of our country and persons from friendly countries with scholarships attend EDN courses. ###### Fields of activity The EDN fulfills the above described functions through the following actions: ###### . Master's Degree in National Defense, a post-grade degree endorsed by the Ministry of _An Army portable rifle fire control simulator (ENTIR)_ _developed by CITEFA._ Education. ###### . The annual development of its was to train civilians and Service regular academic activities, members. Its present name was among which special mention established by Decree No. 866 issued in should be made of the National December 1973, and its object was Defense Senior Course, as well extended to encompass the wider scope as many special courses. implicit in National Defense, i.e. its link . Conference cycles on Defense- with the higher administration levels of related subjects, held in the Government. different regions of the country. - The establishment of ###### Primary responsibility relationships with national, The National Defense College foreign and multinational (EDN) provides basic and organizations. _21 - 194_ ----- _Chapter 21 - Defense Education_ ###### . The implementation of . Disciplines and factors related promotion and publicity to National Defense programs, publications and - Decision-making in institutional and teaching interdisciplinary contexts exchanges. ###### . Advisory services to regional The National Defense Senior Course organizations of the country The two modalities of its curricular structure are shown in Figure 21-1. and to National Defense Circles created in the provinces. Senior Course ###### . Research in subjects within its Master in National Defense scope of activities. Modality 1 ###### Academic policy Modality 2 It is aimed at training specialized professionals in National Defense with 1 quarter - 1 year specific knowledge of: 1 quarter - 1 year ###### Master in National Senior Course Defense _A_ ###### Modality 1 Modality 2 **I Theorical Term** 'National & International Affairs Anallysis 4 months 1 year 'National Potencial Components 'Research Theory & Decision- Making **II Practical Term** 'Applied Research 'Strategic Decision 4 months 1 year 'Conflict Scenarios **III Research Term** 'Tesis Elaboration **FIGURE 21-1 NATIONAL DEFENSE SENIOR COURSE ORGANIZATION** **_21- 195_** ----- _Parte VIII - Human Resources_ **I. Theoretical Cycle** the EDN Magazine, Booklets and ###### . Analysis of the national and Academic Bulletins. international scenarios ###### . Behavior of the factors forming the National cooperation national potential As the entity concentrating ###### . Research and decision-making theory Defense-related academic activities, EDN **II. Practical Cycle** develops an institutional relations ###### . Applied research program aimed at achieving the large- ###### . Strategic decisions scale dissemination of National Defense ###### . Conflict situations concepts. At local level, the program **III. Research Cycle** contemplates a strong support for higher ###### . Development of a thesis level educational institutions as regards activities related with the dissemination of ###### Extra-curricular academic activities Defense concepts. At present, there is a Academic activities of this kind frame agreement covering the academic comprise Regional and Special Cycles integration with the Aconcagua developed in the national sphere. University, and additional agreements are ###### . Regional Cycles inform about being negotiated with the National the fundamental concepts of Universities of La Pampa and Cuyo, with National Defense in the public the Argentine Catholic University, with and private sectors of the the "Bias Pascal" University, the Catholic interior, with special reference University of Salta and the "San Juan to local interests related Bosco" University of Patagonia. therewith. ###### . Special Cycles inform about As another form of cooperation, National Defense concepts in EDC carries out extra-curricular academic the spheres related with the activities (conferences, seminars and main national interests. meetings) in coordination with similar entities, especially with its own Graduate ###### Research Center. Research is carried out according to the guiding principles imposed by the ###### International cooperation framework in force at national level and involves teachers and students. Within the international cooperation program, contacts have been The Strategic Research Council made to establish cooperation and evaluates the works and publishes them in exchange agreements with the National _21 - 196_ ----- _Chapter 21 - Defense Education_ Political and Strategic Academy of Chile, meet the requirements to the Defense University of the US and access the Senior Course with the King's College Strategic Studies The contribution to the Center of Great Britain. training of SINAPA (National Civil Service Career System) On the other hand, the Defense personnel, particularly in the College is visited by similar institutions. area of Defense, both as Lately, it received delegations from Brazil, regards general knowledge Chile, the Republic of China, Spain, the upgrading and specific training US, Italy, Thailand, Uruguay and Venezuela. ###### Cooperation with Non- 3. Military education and training Governmental Organizations As a reference entity in defense- The extraordinary technological related strategic studies, the EDN advances of the last few years and the promoted in 1998 the First National transformations in world affairs require, ###### Meeting on Strategic Studies, with for military organizations, the service of invitations issued to all Non- men and women with increasing levels of Governmental Organizations, official general and specific knowledge and institutions and renowned researchers to technical capabilities. address common interest subjects. This meeting was held with great success. A ###### Military education in the three Second Meeting, open to international services is based on a common principle: involvement, will be held in 1999. the personnel's basic education and specific training are carried out by periods ###### EDN transformation policy along the career; they are given by The following objectives are being specialized schools, divided into stages promoted or improved upon: and permanently adapted to the changing ###### . The excellence of the Senior requirements of the military institution Course and to scientific and technological ###### . The design of a bachelor's advances. degree in the subject of National Defense This principle is implemented - The creation of Intermediate through a permanent training criterion Courses for citizens who cannot and many upgrading courses. _21- 197_ ----- _Parte VIII - Human Resources_ In particular, the educational and on the new requirements imposed on processes of the three Services the Military Instrument, enriched by the contemplate a first stage involving incorporation of modern disciplines and training, and a second one involving university level subjects into the upgrading. curriculum. In the first stage, the students Thus, the university extension of acquire general knowledge, capabilities the military education system was and abilities according to the implemented for the officers through the characteristics of each Service. In the creation of the University Institutes second stage, the institutional mentioned above, recognized as such by requirements corresponding to each the Ministry of Education. specialized professional profile are developed. This significant step, particularly as regards the upgrading of officers who This progression and diversity in will later become the senior leaders of the teaching comprises all officer and non- Services, allows obtaining university level commissioned officer ranks and implies degrees and post-grade degrees. This the necessary existence of several schools, process is emphasized by the present higher training and specific training active attendance of military personnel to organizations, each having the special civilian universities, an activity leading to features corresponding to the missions the anticipated compliance with the new and functions of each Service and their requirements established by the Armed different scopes of activity. Forces Restructuring Act as regards promotions. A bachelor's degree is This harmonious, dynamic, and required for the promotion to Senior flexibly integrated grouping of human, Officer and a high school degree for Senior pedagogical, doctrinal, functional, NCO). infrastructure and financial resources operates as a component in the All these studies are carried out development of the National Education preserving the professional requirements System. of the military career according to the specific needs of each Service. ###### Structural reforms The transformations that took Education and jointness place in the military educational sphere This field of military educational during the 1990s, based on experience activity, concentrated in the JSAF, _21 - 198_ ----- _Chapter 21 - Defense Education_ received a strong political drive as from Colleges of each Service. In its final phase, 1984, going beyond exclusively military it includes war games, with the matters and reaching out to other involvement of the students from the government sectors of interest. National Foreign Service Institute (which trains professional Foreign Ministry The Senior Course of the Armed diplomats), the National Defense College _Forces, instituted in 1985, consists in_ and the National Intelligence School. annual meetings of a small group of Army colonels, Navy captains and Air Force colonels, where they are trained to perform the highest responsibilities at senior levels **4. Military education and Human** of their Services and in the military **Rights** strategy sphere. It is also aimed at improving skills to act as advisors for the The understanding of this subject political and military organizations of the requires some previous conceptual country. The curriculum focuses on three clarifications. essential academic areas: Strategy, Administration and Foreign Affairs, and **Human Rights and International** also includes a complementary course on **Humanitarian Law** Senior Management. While the Human Rights International Law is formed by a set of The Joint Military Planning principles and rules aimed at respecting _Course, given since 1985, includes officers_ and guaranteeing human rights, the of the Ministry of Defense and military International Humanitarian Law (IHL) personnel of the JSAF, the General Staffs of comprises the rules contained in treaties each Service and the Operational Strategic and also customary laws that rule the Commands, and covers subjects related to behavior of participants in armed National Defense, strategic planning and conflicts and the protection of persons the operation of Defense-related affected by the conflict. institutions. In other words, in the first case, The joint interoperability of the the law applies because of the individual's Services is based, among other things, on quality alone, as the holder of the rights the Joint Operational Strategic Planning and as the subject of that sphere of _Course, which brings together the students_ international law. In the second case, the taking the last year of the specific staff law applies because of his involvement in courses given at the Command and Staff a war in which the subjects are the States _21- 199_ ----- _Porte VIII - Human Resources_ and the International Red Cross **Teaching and dissemination of** Committee, while individuals are **International Humanitarian Law** protected persons. According to the concept of Human Rights and International Both sets of rules are compatible Humanitarian Law as complementary through their convergence. principles, we have promoted and will persevere in promoting the teaching and In the human rights sphere, there dissemination of these rules within the is a set of basic rules that cannot be Armed Forces and in other national abolished and that must continue in force spheres. whatever the situation of the State, even in international or internal conflict At the level of the Ministry of situations, disturbances or social tensions. Defense, Ministerial delegates to the **_Inter-Ministry Commission for the_** IHL, as a law for exceptional cases, **_Enforcement of International_** applicable in emergencies, includes the **_Humanitarian Law (created by Decree_** basic Human Rights in regulations that No. 933/94) contributed to produce reflect their similarity with the former, curricular design proposals aimed at showing their common characteristic. teaching IHL at high school and university levels. They were subsequently Therefore, whenever the Armed delivered to the Ministry of Education Forces are involved in conflict situations - and to public and private universities as will obviously be the case because of throughout the country. their nature - they will be required to strictly adhere to the standards contained At the military academy level, the in International Humanitarian Law, three Services are considering the which will in turn imply their compliance inclusion of similar subjects in their with the unrepeatable principles of Higher Institutes, Command and Staff Human Rights. Colleges, basic education academies and in the military education classes given to The fact of submitting to the law all the personnel. and acting according to its rules will make the acts of the Armed Forces legitimate, At the operational training level, it ennoble their involvement, ensure is worth mentioning that IHL international recognition and will be a requirements were incorporated into the source of renewed confidence on the part exercises, to be considered in command of society. decisions. _21 - 200_ ----- _Chapter 21 - Defense Education_ In addition, subjects related to with the aim to facilitate the full armed conflict law have been included in integration into the National System and CAECOPAZ (Argentine PKO Joint to finalize, at the technical level, the Training Center) curricula, as the implementation of such system in the peacekeeping operations sphere is a field Armed Forces schools by 2001. where these rules are widely applied. ###### Guidelines for military education Many conferences and seminars **upgrading** are being held throughout the country, with the joint support of the Ministry of The studies aimed at developing Defense, through the Armed Forces and education in the sphere of Defense, local Universities. This academic activity particularly within the Armed Forces, as is projected onto the international plane established by the Armed Forces through many events and the Restructuring Act, are being developed in involvement in different organizations. accordance with the following guidelines: - Military education will be developed through the ###### 5. Future educational policy Education Systems of the Ministry of Defense, the Joint In the light of the evolution of Staff of the Armed Forces, the national and world events, both in our Army, the Navy and the Air country and in more developed ones, Force, forming a System to be military education and training will tend coordinated and supervised by towards a higher degree of exchange, the mentioned Ministry. **_integration and rationalization. This is_** . Its purpose will be to provide done focusing on the specific features of professional education the different missions and functions of according to the operational each Service but with special reference to needs and the specific jointness. requirements of the position, role and function to be Meanwhile, at the Ministry of performed within the sphere of Defense level, an inter-ministerial channel each Service, in the joint sphere with the Ministry of Education and and in the area of National Culture has been created (Policy and Defense, strengthening and/or Strategy Under-Secretary and Education reorganizing the organizations Planning Under-Secretary, respectively) required. _21-201_ ----- Parte VIII - Human Resources _• The funds allocated to_ - The National Defense education will be assigned to University will be created. This specific military training and to institution shall provide the defense-related areas of best level of higher education in knowledge, avoiding the National Defense both for overlapping of efforts and military and civil personnel, human resources. and shall manage and - The Defense Education System ###### coordinate research activities in will be in consonance with the this field. Federal Education System, avoiding the cost of training The possibility of creating this professionals that can be university on the basis of the present recruited from among graduates of the National EDN is being considered, including the Education System or issuing Armed Forces Senior Course and the degrees in specialties that can University Institutes of each Service, but be studied in the national without causing the latter to lose their education sphere. present leadership and specific features. _21 - 202_ ----- _Porte VIII- Human Resources_ ###### CHAPTER 22 he human component of In general terms, SINAPA Defense is not restricted to comprises three groups: General, soldiers only, whether in active Scientific-Technical and Specialized, and service or in reserve. It is also formed by six levels, each of them containing its the civilian officers and employees of the respective categories. Ministry of Defense and other organizations of this area, and the civilian The new personnel organization scientific, technical, administrative and was placed into effect by a joint teaching personnel of the Services. All of Resolution of the Ministry of Defense and them contribute, from their respective the Civil Service Secretary of the working areas, to implement the integral Presidency. concept of Defense which was explained above. After a subsequent enhancement of the Government Reformation, Decree No. 660/96 implemented various transformations and mergers within the ###### 1. The National Civil Service Career System (SINAPA) in the sphere of the Ministry of Defense, Defense Area including the transfer of the National Gendarmerie, the Argentine Coast Guards and the National Civil Defense This scheme was placed into effect ###### Directorate to the Ministry of the by Decree No. 993/91, a regulation Interior. forming part of the Government Reform, and replaced the previous personnel scale, After reorganizing the objectives of in force since 1973, modifying the previous procedure applied to fill the various areas, the present positions. At present, personnel selection organizational structure of the Ministry takes place through general or open of Defense provides for the following competition. number of posts: _22 - 203_ ----- Parff VTfl- Human Resources **_SINAPA_** charge of the National Education and **. General Area** **_Training System, aimed at educating,_** _550_ training and upgrading civil employees. - D\'A: **_58_** This System encompasses all formal and _- (777:7v\:_ **_1 !2_** informal training activities undertaken to **. Scientific-Technical Area** upgrade professional capabilities. - DNA: **_43_** The personnel included in SINAPA **_ORGANIZATION_** **_PER DECREE_** must accumulate a certain quantity of _No. 4381/73_ training credits for each performance *** Armed Forces Scientific and** evaluation required for promotion, **Technical Area** _CITEEA_ _37fj_ according to the category of their function. The administration of the civilian personnel is performed by the Human Resources General Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which coordinates personnel policies and applies the organizational and personnel administration regulations in the Ministry and its various offices. ###### 2. Civilian Personnel Job Training The modernization of _Civilian personnel at an Armed Force 's shop._ education, in its widest sense, contemplated in the previous Chapter, now extends also to the civilian personnel **Training Programs and Types** working in the Defense area. SINAPA manages the following The National Civil Service **_programs, according to the level or_** _Institution (JNAP), created in 1994, is in_ function of each individual: 22 - 204 ----- _Capitulo 22 - Civilian Personnel_ annual courses to meet these Senior Civil Service Management requirements, such as National 1 ligher Education Defense, Civilian-Military Relations, Job Framing Antarctic Training, Resource Management, Internal Auditors. English Language and other courses. Each program comprises cycles, **.** **_Formal Education: Completion of_** subprograms, courses and/or activities secondary higher or university studies carried out bv INAP. **.** **_Equivalence System: This comprises_** the recognition of credits for function- related training activities carried out by the personnel on their own initiative. These activities may be carried out at Argentine or foreign public or private institutions and at governmental or non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, scholarships are provided for courses, seminars or conferences related with the individual's position or the function performed by the organization. _Civilian personnel and military gunsmith repairing guns._ **Training takes place through the** ###### 3. The Armed Forces' civilian following resources: personnel **.** **_Upgrading System, aimed at the_** general upgrading of all Civil Servants, This personnel is hired according it is implemented by INAP. to the provisions of the Civilian Personnel **.** **_Specific Training: It is similar to the_** and the Civilian Teaching Personnel of above but adapted to the **_the Armed Forces Regulations._** requirements of each organization. Incorporation takes place through In particular, the Ministry of Defense background evaluation and competition, organizes and implements a series of according to the different groups, levels 22 - 205 ----- Parte VIII- Human Resources _Toj-pedo specialist at the workbench._ and categories provided for in such These activities are complemented regulations. by courses given either by each institution or externally. Scientific personnel is governed by the Armed Forces Research and The profile of the civilian _Development Personnel Regulations_ personnel incorporated into each Service (Decree No. 4381/73), which locates such initially meets the specific operational personnel in their specialized requirements to perform logistical, environment, in scientific research technical, educational and administrative projects and technology development functions. activities. Civilian personnel represent an Training and upgrading take place extremely important contribution to the through their daily activities. This allows missions of the Services, particularly as the personnel to participate in internal regards continuity in the activities of each competitions (within their own Service) to organization, as such personnel is not achieve a change of post or a promotion. subject to relocations like the military 22 - 206 ----- # I Capituio 22 - Ciuffian Personnel personnel and because of their traditional **The modernization of the Armed** identification with the needs of military **Forces civilian personnel regime** institutions. Resolution No. 129/98 of the Ministry of Defense created a Committee The approximate numbers of formed by representatives of the Human civilian personnel presently working in the Resources General Directorates, the Armed Forces are shown in Table 22-1. Ministry of Defense Reorganization Coordination Directorate, the Joint Staff **_Force_** **_Civilian Personnel (*)_** of the Armed Forces, the General Staffs of **_Army_** 8,500 the Armed Forces and representatives of **_Navy_** 8,800 the Armed Forces Civilian Personnel **_Air Force_** 8,600 Union (PECIFA). The aim is considering the change of the Rules and Regulations (*) Including teachers presently governing the activities of the **TABLE 22-1 - CIVILIAN PERSONNEL SERVING** Civilian Personnel and Civilian Teaching **IN THE ARMED FORCES** Personnel of the Armed Forces. **22 - 207** ----- ###### PART IX ----- _Part IX - F\nancial Resources_ ###### CHAPTER 23 _(7_ he budget is one of the they are a part of the decisions related to cornerstones of the Defense the national budget. It is therefore Policy. convenient to first provide some clarifications regarding the latter. The Defense budget represents, to a large extent, the quantification of the **Budget preparation** _missions assigned; it gives an objective_ The budget is a process that _measure of the country's intentions as to_ develops, expresses, approves, executes the dimensions of its Defense. It derives and evaluates the production of goods from an act of Congress and is executed and services by public institutions as under the control of the political branch; well as the actual and financial supplies it affects the foreseeability of Argentina required thereby. It is developed on the with respect to the development of its basis of the policies and objectives Militarv Instrument. contemplated in government program, in consonance with the denomination of "law of laws" usually attributed to it. ###### 1. Budget methodology The development of the Budget ###### Conceptual aspects Bill is established in Act No. 24156, Defense expenditures comprise ###### Financial Administration and the total actual and financial expenses ###### Control Systems of the National involved and the budgetary basis for such ###### Public Sector. Such regulations expenditures. establish the various phases of the development process: previous The latter aspect contemplates all budgetary policy, preparation of the of its sources, whose categories are preliminary budgets for each jurisdiction detailed below. or entity, and development of the Budget Bill. Decisions on the Defense budget are not made independently by this area, Since 1991, it is customary for much less by the Armed Forces. Instead, the Executive Branch to submit such _23 - 211_ ----- Part IX - Financial Resourses Bill to the Congress prior to the legal deadline of September 15[th], and, the bill is then enacted by the Congress prior to the start of the pertinent financial year, which in our country runs from January 1[st] to December 31[st] each year. **•** **Prior budgetary policy.** This policy consists in defining the orientations for the entities and jurisdictions forming the national public sector in order to develop _Pucard JA-58 aircraft on the apron of their Air Brigade._ their respective preliminary budgets for the pertinent financial When the Budget Bill is prepared, year. In this stage of the process, the the System's main entity keeps all the jurisdictions receive references on the information used, which is broken down budgetary ceiling amounts, which to its minimum levels, whereby, after the determine the financial limitations bill is enacted, the National Budget Office applicable to their programs. can proceed to the direct administrative distribution of the legal credits. **•** **Preliminary budget production.** This stage is subdivided into two After the reformation of the parts: Revenues, which has a National Constitution in 1994, such centralization level compatible with distribution is approved by the the budget's financing structure, and Presidential Chief of Staff through an Expenditures, which is carried out on administrative decision. a decentralized basis. This annual budget act cannot **•** **Budget Bill production.** contain permanent regulations or abolish The process ends by incorporating current laws. Neither can it create, modify each area's information into the "Bill or suppress taxes or other sources of for the National Public revenues. Administration General Budget" and is submitted, as mentioned, to the **Budget execution** National Congress prior to September The national budget represents a 15[th] each year. preview of the production for a certain ----- _Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financing_ period and of the elements required by Measuring the results obtained and the such production, all of which is finally effects produced. expressed in an approved document. The Comparing the projected and actual next step after approval, which is closely results. connected with budget contents, is the Analyzing the deviations and implementation of the actions required to determining their causes. achieve the execution. This means that the Defining and identifying any corrective budget must be executed in an actual and actions required. concrete time and space to achieve, in terms of results, the targets expressed in the preparation stage. ###### 2. The Future Planning, Programming and Budgeting To this effect, the Budget Act ###### System (S3P) contains the financial authorizations given by the Legislative to the Executive, so that This tool is intended to establish a the latter can achieve the objectives that work scheme and a process that facilitate its government program stated in the Act. decision-making, allowing to examine and analyze decisions from the point of view The detailed contents of the of the current national and international document, combining institutional and situation. program classifications, financing sources, geographical elements and objects of SP3 will be the statutory expense, makes the Budget an instrument administrative model for the Defense for jurisdictions, entities and authorities to organizations to develop non-operational have available the information required to planning and execute, supervise and manage the execution of the budget. evaluate their activities. Its processes will be designed to guide and coordinate Such execution is in charge of decisions and actions at all hierarchical internal and external control agencies: the levels. National Comptroller's Office and the National Auditing Office respectively. It implies a dynamic, repetitive ###### Evaluation of budget execution and joint process managed by the This is the last stage of the process Ministry of Defense. It comprises three and is based on the concepts of efficiency inter-related phases, planning, and effectiveness. The following steps are **_programming and budgeting, and_** performed: emphasizes the following: **23-223** ----- Part fX Finartcia! Resourses Defense policy and the missions and functions of the Armed Forces are analyzed. **_Programming addresses the_** relationship between the strategy determined in the planning stage, especially in the medium term, and the military forces required for its execution. Such forces are related with the resources available to the _SK J05 tanks during emnbat exercises._ country and their distribution between the various jurisdietional sectors. In this phase, the Ministry of **.** **_Centralized political management_** Defense, the JSAF and the Services **_Decentralized execution_** develop, analyze and match the **_._** **_Shared administration_** programs proposed in order to achieve the targets established in the Planning It is aimed at identifying the phase. needs required by mission performance, compare such needs with the available These programs reflect a resources and transfer them into the systematic analysis oi the missions and pioposed budget. (he operational capabilities to be attained in order to fulfill the missions, In this system. Planning implies alternative methods, and an etieetive the relationship with the National resource allocation (personnel, Defense proposed lor the country, with equipment, technologies and support the strategy selected to achieve such activities) tor a medium-term horizon. relationship. In brief, it means establishing targets, in a wide sense. In Lastly, the third phase of the this phase, the use of the Military system, Budgeting or cost determination I n s t r u m e n t is examined considering is executed in the short term. In ihis national interests and objectives, the stage, the Ministry of Defense', the JSAF objectives of National Defense, the and the Services develop a detailed cuiT'-nt situation and the requirements budget for the programs approved during for e f f i c i e n t resource management; I he the programming stage. A f t e r Congress ----- _Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financinfj_ approval, as explained above, an allocation of annual resources is made to the Defense jurisdiction. The system allows adjusting the si/c oi the military instrument: and its territorial deployment in time, on the basis ol the missions assigned. As a consequence oi the application of this system, a Long; Term _Lit 14S patrol craft patrolling Ticira del Fuc^o channels_ Military Planning and a Medium Term Programming are materialized, allowing to authorities, such budget will constitute establish an estimated budget for the the portion of the National Budget program. Once approved bv the pertinent allocated to Defense. <•*••••! _2:t 21 />_ ----- _Part IX - Financial Resources_ ###### CHAPTER 24 nformation on the national General Budget ($ 48,680,549,311), and budget is known to the public, 1.07 of the GDP ($ 338,589 million) but, because of its volume, estimated for 1998. technical complexity and different jurisdictions, the present document ###### Chart 24-1 and table 24-2 show presents a simplified scheme of the each sector's involvement of the Ministry specific data for the Defense jurisdiction, of Defense's budget and that of the broken down by sub-jurisdictions and remaining jurisdictions within the Grand entities. Total for the National Administration and comparisons with international Independently of the merely expenditures in this area. temporary validity of the budgetary information for a given financial year, we ###### Credit distribution at the close of understand that its presentation has a ###### the 1998 financial year special value, as it provides a clear idea of During the financial year, in order the country's defense expenditure level. to adapt the mentioned credit level to the actual needs derived from the budget ###### l.The 1998 budget execution process, changes were introduced. As a result, at the close of the The General Budget of the 1998 financial year, the total current and National Administration for financial year capital expenditures amounted to $ 1998 was enacted by Congress through ###### 3,656,734,763. Act No. 24938 and published on December 30, 1997 through Executive ###### This total represents the amount of Decree No. 1463. resources ultimately assigned to the Defense Sector productive process in 1998, to which The total current and capital we should add the resources allocated to expenditures approved for the Ministry of financial investments, which amounted to Defense amounted to $ 3,622,071,699, representing approximately 7.44% of the $ 90,004,960 in 1998. 24-277 ----- **NATIONAL BUDGET - 1998** **Expenditure Breakdown by Jurisdiction** National I ;:g \linislrv of Hnmc Ministry o! Oiltuu- Ministry ol JuslLv **Mnistrvcif Dl'fcnse** 7,I4[r]f Ministiy of 1 ahor and Social StvurilA **FSGURE 24 1** ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ In summary, at the close of With this purpose, some financial year 1998, the grand total of the explanations about the various concepts authorized budget for the Ministry of and terms appearing in the attached tables Defense was $ 3,746,739,723. _are included for easy analysis._ Such total is financed as follows: Precisely because of the well-known - With National Treasury Funds: 83.20% difficulties usually encountered when - With the Ministry's own resources making international comparisons of and Specific Allocation Defense expenditures, our country has Resources: 12.72% recently agreed with Chile, within the - With credits: 4.08% frame of the Permanent Argentine- Chilean Security Committee, to request The allocation of expenditures, CEPAL (Economic Commission for Latin according to their object and institutional America) to study a common nature, is distributed as follows: standardized methodology to measure the Central Decentralized Social Security TOTAL Administration Agencies Organizations Personnel: 49.72% 0.12% 0.13% 49.97% Operation: 14.38% 0.19% 0.04% 14.61% Investments: 3.41% 0.05% 0.00% 3.46% Debt Service Retirement: 0.27% 0.03% -.- 0.30% Pension Benefits: 31.66% 31.66% TOTAL 67.78% 0.39% 31.83% 100.00% Detailed information is given in defense expenditures of both countries, chart 24-3, which shows references to its with the aim of later advancing towards a historical evolution, as well as in charts regional methodology. It is worth 24-4 to 24-16. mentioning that the 1998 Declaration of The transparency achieved by El Salvador on Measures to Promote publishing the budget is enhanced if, at Confidence encourages the performance the same time, the clarifications required of studies aimed at advancing towards a for a technical interpretation of the amounts are also provided. common methodology aimed at ###### 24-219 ----- Part IX - Financial Resources **REFERENCES TO INTERNATIONAL EXPENDITURES** **(IN GDP%)** **1.** **World averages by regions (in decreasing order)** COUNTRY/REGION 1985 1995 1996 Middle East and North Africa 12.3 7.0 6.8 Central and Southeast Asia 4.3 5.2 5.3 Far East and Australia and Pacific countries 6.5 4.7 4.6 Non-NATO Europe 4.8 4.7 3.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.0 3.1 3.0 NATO (including US and Canada) 3.3 2.3 2.3 NATO Europe 3.1 2.3 2.2 _Caribbean, Central America and South America_ _3.0_ _1.9_ _1.8_ Source: "The Military Balance 1997/98" -The International Institute for Strategic Studies **2.** **South America, by country (alphabetical order)** Argentina n/d 1.7 1.2 (1998: 1.1) Source: National Bolivia 2.0 2.1 2.1 Brazil 0.8 2.0 2.1 Chile 7.8 3.7 3.5 Colombia 1.6 2.6 2.6 Ecuador 1.8 3.4 3.4 Guyana 6.8 1.1 1.0 Paraguay 1.3 1.4 1.3 Peru 4.5 1.6 1.9 Surinam 2.4 3.9 3.5 Uruguay 3.5 2.9 2.3 Venezuela 2.1 1.1 1.2 Source: "The Military Balance 1997/98" - The International Institute for Strategic Studies **TABLE 24-2** 24-220 ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **NATIONAL DEFENSE EXPENDITURE EVOLUTION (1)** **4000** **3500** **3759** **3747** «/> **O** **3000** **3126** UJ CL **2500** Q Z **2000** **C/>** O **1500** X **1000** **500** **1992** **1993** **1994** **1995** **1996** **1997** **1998** **Year** **(1) Historical values in convertible currency according to the 1 Peso = 1 USD Convertibility** **Act. N° 23.928** **FIGURE 24-3** facilitating military expenditure orientation according to the nature of the comparisons within the region. revenues, and facilitates their control. The source is associated to the le- It should be mentioned that gal nature of the resource. In the special Argentina reports its Defense case of expenditures financed through expenditures every year to the United indebtedness, donations or transfers, Nations in the terms and forms required however, it refers to the type of by the Resolutions of such Organization. transaction that originated it, in order to control that the resource is channeled to the purpose that originated the debt or ###### Financing sources donation. They are the channels through In this respect, it is emphasized which resources are obtained. Resources ###### that legislation restricts the financing of are classified according to generic types. operational expenses with public credit This identifies expenses and their operations, except in certain cases. 24-227 ----- Part IX - Financial Resources After the implementation and - _Own assets. They are similar to_ application of Act No. 24156, all RAE, when they are received by a resources are included both in budgetary decentralized organization and provisions and in the legal credits public companies or corporations. allocated. Because of this universality **•** **_Internal transfers. Those coming_** principle, the information included in the from persons and institutions Budget Act must be interpreted as developing activities in the national encompassing the total and consolidated territory. They are aimed at amount of the financial resources obtaining investments or financing available to the entities of the jurisdiction, operational programs, and include including the Services, to all effects. contributions and gifts from persons and institutions not included in the In other words, this information, National Administration Budget. representing an authorization to spend, is **.** **_Internal credit. The source derived_** the maximum amount that can be used from using credit, such as debt for National Defense during the current bonds, liabilities with suppliers, and financial year. amounts borrowed in the internal market. For a better interpretation of this **.** **_External transfers. Resources_** subject, the particular technical aspects of originated in foreign governments _each financing source are described below._ and international organizations for capital formation or to finance **.** **_National Treasury resources. They_** operational or consumption are originated in taxes unilaterally expenses. They include contributions established by the Government and and gifts from persons and in non-tax resources, in order to institutions not included in the finance its expenses without a National Administration Budget. predetermined allocation. **.** **_External credit. Credits granted by_** **•** **_Specific Allocation Resources_** foreign governments and **_(RAE). The revenues received by_** international organizations and Central Administration financial entities. organizations from the sales of goods and services, revenues on property, **The objects of expenditure** asset sales, rate, duty, royalty This classification provides a collections, and funds derived from systematic and homogeneous view of the variations in the different types of goods and services, transfers, and asset financial assets. _24 - 222_ ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ and liability variations that the public first use and which last more ' administration applies in the development than one year. of its economic process. _Transfers. Expenses derived_ from transactions which do In this way, it is possible to identify not imply a consideration in beyond doubt the goods and services goods or services, and whose acquired, the transfers made and the amounts are not reimbursed applications provided for in the budget. by the beneficiaries. _Financial Assets. Expenses_ ###### . Personnel expenditures. derived from the purchase of Remuneration of permanent public or private securities, personnel. This item also includes shares and bonds. Lending, family subsidies, extraordinary increase of ready cash, services and social benefits received accounts, notes, deferred by civil servants. assets and advance payments - _Operations expenditures._ These to suppliers and contractors. expenditures comprise the _Investments. Expenses related_ following items: to projects that will improve capabilities. _Consumables. Consumable_ materials and supplies for the _Debt Service. Expenses used to_ operation of government cover public debt services and agencies including those used to reduce other liabilities for the preservation and repair undertaken by the public administration. of capital goods. _Retirement and Pension_ _Non-personal services. Services_ _Benefits. Payment of_ provided by third-party retirement and pension companies. benefits. _Plant and Property. Expenses_ generated through the ###### 2. The Five-Year Budget acquisition or construction of capital goods that increase the National Defense is one of the assets of the Public Government's strategic fields of action Administration entities, which and requires the basic tools for long and are not exhausted after their medium term planning. 24-223 ----- Part IX - Financial Resources The development of military covering the five-year period involved. equipment plans and the incorporation, However, it is important to consider that ###### education and training of Service the specific allocations for each year are personnel, among other aspects, are issues the subject of study and decision by the that cannot be adequately faced on the Legislative when the General Budget Bill is spur of the moment and are very sensitive considered for a given financial year. to short-term circumstances. Furthermore, the National The recognition of these particular Congress has considered it convenient to aspects has led Congressmen and separate the budgetary support for Senators to include in the Armed Forces equipment and material modernization. Restructuring Act a multiannual Instead, it uses the proceeds derived from _budgetary framework._ the sale of dispensable assets and implements public credit operations ###### Title V - Financing of this Act authorized to such effect as a funding defines the universe of programs to which source. it allocates the resources therein identified, establishing a budgetary base which is increased by a growth projection - * * * * * * * * * 24 - 224 ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **CREDITS BY INSTITUTION AND BY FINANCING SOURCE** GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT % MINISTRY OF DEFENSE Source 1 1 - National Treasury 134,314,929.00 3.58 Source 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 1 169,000.00 0.03 Source 22 - External Credit 74,500,000.00 1.99 TOTAL - MINISTRY OF DEFENSE 209,983,929.00 5.60 JOINT STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 11,679,633.00 0.31 TOTAL - JOINT STAFF 11,679,633.00 0.31 ARMY GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 959,020,687.00 25.60 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 30,419,204.00 0.81 TOTAL - ARMY GENERAL STAFF 989,439,891.00 26.41 NAVY GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 583,681,729.00 15.58 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 9,961,471.00 0.27 Source 15 - Internal Credit (2) 6,400,000.00 0.17 Source 22 - External Credit (2) 3,850,000.00 0.10 TOTAL - NAVY GENERAL STAFF 603,893,200.00 16.12 AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 523,074,357.00 13.96 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 119,761,655.00 3.20 Source 22 - External Credit (3) 66,000,000.00 1.76 TOTAL - GENERAL STAFF OF THE AIR FORCE 708,846,012.00 18.92 Ci.Te.F.A. Source 1 1 - National Treasury 14,348,921.00 0.38 Source 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 917,557.00 0.02 TOTAL -Ci.Te.F.A. 15,266,478.00 0.41 MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE Source 1 1 - National Treasury 6,328,393.00 0.17 Source 1 2 - Own Resources 6,573,500.00 0.18 Source 22 - External Credit 1,881,719.00 0.05 TOTAL - MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE 14,783,612.00 0.39 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS Source 12 - Own Resources 307,746,968.00 8.21 Source 14 - Internal Transfers 885,100,000.00 23.62 TOTAL - FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR 1,192,846,968.00 31.84 MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS GRAND TOTAL 3,746,739,723.00 100 **TABLE 24-4** 24-225 ----- Part IX - Financial Resources **CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE AND BY INSTITUTION** GENERAL CONSOLE) ATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT % SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Ministry of Defense 134.314.929,00 3,58 Joint Staff 11.679.633,00 0,31 Army General Staff 959.020.687,00 25,60 Navy General Staff 583.074.357,00 15,58 Air Force General Staff 523.074.357,00 19,96 Ci.Te.FA 14.348.921,00 0,38 Military Geographic Institute 6.328.393,00 0,17 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 2.231448.649,00 59,58 SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES Military Geographic Institute 6.573.500,00 0,18 Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement 307.746.968,00 8,21 and Pensions TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWNRESOURCES 314.320.468,00 8,39 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES. Ministry of Defense 1.169.000,00 0,03 Army General Staff 30.419.204,00 0,81 Navy General Staff 9.961.471,00 0,27 Air Force General Staff 119.771.655,00 3,20 ###### Q.Te.FA 917.557,00 0,02 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION 162.238.887,00 4,33 RESOURCES SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement 885.100.000,00 23,62 and Pensions TOTAL SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00 23,62 SOURCE.15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Navy:General Staff 6.400.000,00 0.17 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 0,17 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Ministry of Defense 74.500.000,00 1,99 Navy General Staff 3.850.000,00 0,10 Air Force General Staff 66.000.000,00 1,76 Military Geographic Institute 1.881.719,00 0,05 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 146.231.719,00 3,90 GRAND TOTAL 3.746.739.723,00 100 **TABLE 24-5** 24-226 ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE AND ITEM** GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT % SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 1.822.497.636,00 48,79 Item 2 - Consumables 163.215.735,00 4,37 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 204.982.103,00 5,49 Item 4 - Plant and Property 16.067.446,00 0,43 Item 5 - Transfers' 2.719.096,00 0,07 Item 6 - Debt Service and Reduction of Other Liabilities 11.287.000,00 0,30 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 2.220.769.016,00 59,46 SOURCE 1 2 - OWN RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 4.853.530,00 0,13 Item 2 - Consumables 5.635.588,00 0,15 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 2.503.308,00 0,07 Item 4 - Plant and Property 213.042,00 0,01 Item 5 - Transfers 301.115.000,00 8,06 TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES 314.320.000,00 8,42 SOURCE 1 3 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 42.257.137,00 1,16 Item 2 - Consumables 24.275.409,00 0,65 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 52.891.861,00 1,42 Item 4 - Plant and Property 35.009.590,00 0,94 Item 5 - Transfers 2.586.930,00 0,07 Item 6 - Financial Assets 4.217.960,00 0,11 TOTAL SOURCE 1 3 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION 162.238.887,00 4,34 RESOURCES SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Item 5 - Transfers 885.100.000,00 23,70 TOTAL SOURCE, 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00 23,70 SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 6.400.000,00 0,17 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 0,17 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 71.731.719,00 1,92 Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00 1,99 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 146.231.719,00 3,92 GRAND TOTAL 3.735.060.090,00 100 **TABLE 24-6** _24-227_ ----- Part IX - Financial Resources **GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE CREDITS BY EXPENDITURE ITEMS** GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT % Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 1.870.608.303,00 50,08 Item 2 - Consumables 193.126.732,00 5,17 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 260.377.272,00 6,97 Item 4 - Plant and Property 129.421.797,00 3,47 Item 5 - Transfers 1.191.521.026,00 31,90 Item 6 - Financial Assets 78.717.960,00 2,11 Item 7 - Debt Service and Reduction of Other Liabilities 11.287.000,00 0,30 GRAND TOTAL 3.735.060.090,00 100 **TABLE 24-7** **CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE** GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT % SOURCE 1 1 - National Treasury 2.232.448.649,00 59,58 SOURCE 12 - Own Resources 314.320.468,00 8,39 SOURCE 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 162.238.887,00 4,33 SOURCE 14 - Internal Transfers 885.100.000,00 23,62 SOURCE 1 5 - Internal Credit 6.400.000,00 0,17 SOURCE 22 - External Credit 146.231.719,00 3,90 GRAND TOTAL 3.746.739.723,00 100 **TABLE 24-8** 24 - 228 ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION** MINISTRY OF DEFENSE PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 64.486.630,00 Item 2 - Consumables 4.024.386,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 51.933.369,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 2.294.044,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1.309.500,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 134.314.929,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.169.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 1.169.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 74.500.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 209.983.929,00 **TABLE 24-9/1** **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION** MINISTRY OF DEFENSE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 57.681.364,00 Item 2 - Consumables 3.075.838,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services .49.076.644,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 1 .706.044,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1 .290.500,00 Item 7 - Debt Services and Reduction of Other Liabilities 10.267.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 123.097.390,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.169.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 1.169.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 74.500.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 198.766.390,00 **TABLE 24-9/2** _24 - 229_ ----- Part IX - Financial Resources **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION** MINISTRY OF DEFENSE NATIONAL ANTARCTIC DIRECTORATE PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 6.805.266,00 Item 2 - Consumables 948.548,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 2.856.000,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 588.000,00 Item 5 - Transfers 19.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 11.217.539,00 GRAND TOTAL 11.217.539,00 **TABLE 24-9/3** **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION -** **JOINT STAFF OF THE ARMED FORCES** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 1.533.872,00 Item 2 - Consumables 2.816.541,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 7.229.164,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 100.056,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 11.679.633,00 GRAND TOTAL 11.679.633,00 **TABLE 24-10** 24-230 ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - ARMY GENERAL STAFF** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 819.386.555,00 Item 2 - Consumables 73.379.848,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 61.909.790,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.208.908,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1.135.586,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 959.020.687,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Costs 2.618.072,00 Item 2 - Consumables 14.033.132,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 10.594.309,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.173.691,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 30.419.204,00 GRAND TOTAL 989.439.891,00 **TABLE 24-11** **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION -** **NAVY GENERAL STAFF** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 502.548.481,00 Item 2 - Consumables 37.461.399,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 36.074.539,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 7.388.840,00 Item 5 - Transfers 208.470,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 583.681.729,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 2 - Consumables 1.423.936,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 6.887.535,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 1 .650.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 9.961.471,00 SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 6.400.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.850.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 3.850.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 603.893.200,00 **TABLE 24-12** 24-232 ----- Part IX - Financial Resources **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION** **AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 419.877.879,00 Item 2 - Consumables 47.432.392,00 Hem 3 - Non-Personal Services 53.112.243,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 2.651.843,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 523.074.357,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES [tern 1 - Personnel Costs 40.639.065,00 Item 2 - Consumables 8.366.566,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 35.101.436,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 28.859.698,00 Item 5 - Transfers 2.586.930,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 119.771.655,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 66.000.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 66.000.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 708.846.012,00 **TABLE 24-13** **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - Ci.Te.F.A.** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE I I -NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 1 1.657.981.00 Item 2 - Consumables 844.645,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1.303.944,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 523.811,00 Item 5 - Transfers 18.540,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 14.348.901,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES , Item 2 - Consumables 451.775,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 308.581,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 157.201,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 917.557,00 GRAND TOTAL 15.266.478,00 **TABLE 24-14** _24 - 232_ ----- _Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget_ **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION -** **MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 4.540.110,00 Item 2 - Consumables 73.065,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 648.218,00 Item 5 - Transfers 47.000,00 Item 7 - Debt Services and Reduction of Other Liabilities 1.020.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 6.328.393,00 SOURCE 12- OWN RESOURCES Item 2 - Consumables 5.392.000.00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1.068.458,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 113.042,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 2 - OWN RESOURCES 6.573.500,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.881.719,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 1.881.719,00 GRAND TOTAL 14.783.612,00 **TABLE 24-15** **SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR** **MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS** PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Costs 4.853.530,00 Item 2 - Consumables 243.588,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1 .434.850,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 100.000,00 Item 5 - Transfers 301.115.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES 307.746.968,00 SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Item 5 - Transfers 885.100.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 1.192.846.968,00 **TABLE 24-16** _24 - 233_ ----- **_THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THIS_** **_PUBLICATION IS UPDATED_** **_TO 31 DECEMBER, 1998._** ----- Printed in September 1999 by the Graphic Arts Department, **Hydrographic Office of the Argentine Navy.** -----